Syllabus of M.Sc Biochemistry entrance exam of Osmania University

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Physical Chemistry
Behaviour of Gases
Kinetic theory of gases
Absolute temperature scale
Ideal and real gas laws
Graham’s law of diffusion and its application to biological problems
Solution of Electrolytes
Pressure and volume concept
Equation of state
Dalton’s law of partial pressure

Non volatile and volatile electrolytes
Definition and type of solution
Colligative properties
Activity and activity coefficient
Elevation of boiling point
Laws of osmotic pressure
Determination of molecular weight
Osmotic behaviour of living cells
Expressing the concentration of solution
Roults’ law and molecular weight of the solute
Depression of freezing point
Vant Hoff theory of dilution
Theoretical explanation of osmosis
Tonicity
Turgor pressure

Acid, Bases and Buffers
Definition of pH
Effect of pH on protoplasmic components
Biological relevance of pH
pH indicators
Ionization of water
Exact treatment of the ionization of monoprotic acid in water
Arrhenius concept
Relation between initial acid concentration
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
Titration of strong and weak acids with strong base
Salt hydrolysis
Exact treatment of the ionization of diprotic acid
Exact treatment of Bronsted lowery type monobase
Buffering range
Buffering capacity

Ist Law of Thermodynamics and Thermo chemistry
First law of thermodynamics
Relation between Cp and Cv in gaseous system
Energy changes in relation to changes in properties of the system
Enthalpy of a system
Change of internal energy and enthalpy in a chemical reaction
Determination of heats of reactions
Heat of formation, neutralisation, dilution and precipitations
Kirchoff’s law
Bomb Calorimeter and Dewar vacuum flask

Laws of Thermodynamics
Need and statement of the 2nd law
Concept of entropy
Helmholtz and Gibbs free energy functions
Maxwell’s relationships
Gibbs Helmoholtz equation
Gibbs-Duhem equation
Conditions for equilibrium and spontaneity
Law of mass action
Van’t Hoff-isotherm and law of chemical equilibrium
Dependence of equilibrium constant with temperature and pressure
Calapeyron-Clausius equation
Determination of fugacity and activity coefficient
Third law of thermodynamics
Variation of entropy with temperature
Determination of absolute entropies of liquids and gases
Applications of the III law of thermodynamics

Chemical Kinetics and Photochemistry
Reaction rate, order and molecularity
Collision and absolute theory of reaction rates
Factors influencing rates of reactions
Zero, I and II order reaction with examples
Mathematical treatments of rate constants of I and II order reactions
Calculation of activation energy

Organic Chemistry

Structure and Properties
Electronic configuration
Atomic and Molecular orbitals
Hybrid orbitals: sp, sp2 and sp3
Intermolecular forces
Covalent bond
Melting point
Boiling point
Solubility
Acid and Base in organic chemistry

Alkanes and Radical reactions
Structure of methane, ethane, propane and butane
Production and reaction of radicals
Homolytic bond dissociation energies
Reactions of alkanes
Halogenation of methane
Halogenation of higher alkanes
Selectivity of bromine
Radical chain reactions

Alkyl halides and Ionic reactions
• Structure, classification, nomenclature and physical properties of Alkyl halides
• Reactions of Alkyl halides
• Elimination reactions of Alkyl halides
• SNI and SN2 reactions
• Factors affecting rates of SNI and SN2 reactions
• Carbonations

Alkenes
• Reactions of Alkenes
• Carbon-Carbon double bond
• Structure of ethylene, propylene and butylenes
• Substitution reactions and cleavage of Alkenes
• Preparation of alcohols
• Geometric isometric isomerism
• Oxymercuration-demercuration and hydroboration oxidation processes

Alcohols
• Structure and Nomenclature, Physical properties of Alcohols
• Chemistry of OH group
• Conversions of alcohols into mesylates, tosylates, alkyl halide and alkyl phosphates
• Dehydration of alcohols
• Intermolecular dehydration
• Reactions of Alcohols
• Synthesis of ethers from alcohols
• Williamson synthesis
• Methods of protecting –OH group
• Oxidation of alcohols

Aldyehydes and Ketones
• Structure, Nomenclature and Physical properties of Aldyehydes and Ketones
• Nucleophilic addition to carbon-oxygen double bond
• Reaction of Aldehydes and Ketones
• Reduction to alcohols and hydrocarbons
• Reductive emanation
• Addition of water and alcohols
• Additions of derivatives of ammonia
• Addition of hydrogen cyanide and sodium bisulphite
• Addition of Halides

Carboxylic acids and their Derivatives
• Structure, Nomenclature, Physical properties and Acidity of carboxylic acids
• Reactions of carboxylic acids
• Substitution in alkyl or aryl group
• Decarboxylation of carboxylic acids
• Reactions of acyl chloride and acid anhydride
• Reaction of Esters
• Reduction to alcohols
• Reactions with carbanion

Amines and Amides
• Structure, Nomenclature, Physical properties and Basicity of Amines
• Oxidation
• Reactions of Amines with nitrous acid
• Replacement and coupling reactions of Arenediazonium salts
• Conversion to amides and sulfonamides
• Hofmann and Cope eliminations
• Reactions of Amides

Cell Biology

Basic Structure of Cell
• Cell as a basic unit of living system
• Biochemical composition of cell
• Cell theory
• Ultra structure of cell
• Membrane composition
• Early studies on Plasma Membrane
• Membrane functions

Internal structure of cell and its functions
• Structure and Function of the Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi complex
• Evolution of mitochondria and chloroplast
• Lysosome
• Ribosome
• Photosynthetic process

Cell Nucleus
• Structure and Function of Nucleus
• Nucleosome and chromosome
• Structure of Chromatin
• Mitosis and Meiosis
• Cell cycle
• Nuclear envelope

Different processes in Cell
• Cell-cell interaction
• Cell locomotion
• Cell senescence and death
• Cell differentiation

DNA and RNA
• Nucleic acids
• Structure of DNA
• DNA replication
• Transcription and Post transcriptional modifications
• Discovery of transformation and experiment of Hershey & Chase
• Structure and types of RNA
• Capping and splicing
• Polyadenylation
• Methylation

Genetic Code
• Evidence and Essentiality of Condon
• Start and stop condones
• Overlapping genes and reading frames
• Universality of genetic code
• Triplet code
• Protein synthesis
• Mechanism in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Post translational modification and cell secretion

Genetics

Mendelian Analysis, Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
• Genotype and phenotype
• Experiments of Mendel
• Chromosome theory of inheritances
• Work of TH Morgan
• Work of Calvin Bridges
• X-linked inheritance genetics and sexual cycle in haploids
• Alternating haploids diploids
• Linkage, mapping genes, interference, coincidence in pro- and eukaryotes

Extension of Mendelian Analysis
• Variation of dominance relations
• Lethal genes
• Balance lethal system
• Penetrance and expressivity
• Segregation distortion
• Gene interaction
• Epistasis
• Additivity
• Interaction between more than two gene pairs
• Modifiers Linkage and Recombination

Chormosomes Structure and Mutations
• Structural organisation of chromatin
• Structure of Chromosome
• Structural and numerical aberrations involving chromosomes
• Translocation
• Spontaneous and induced mutations
• Chemical and physical mutagens

Extrachromosomal Inheritance
• Mitochondrial and chloroplast genetic system
• Cytoplasmic Inheritance
• Male sterility and maternal effects
• Extra nuclear genomes
• Population genetics

Microbial Geneticcs
• Conjugation
• Transduction
• Transformation

Nature of Gene and Basic Genetic Engineering
• One gene one enzyme hypothesis
• Gene-protein relation
• Manipulation of DNA
• Restriction enzymes
• Recombinant DNA
• Vectors and cloning strategies
• PCR technology

Biochemistry

Concept of Biochemistry
• Definition and scope of biochemistry
• Units of length used in biochemistry
• ATP-ADP cycle

Biomolecular Structure
• Proteins and Amino Acids
• Nucleic Acids
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids

Enzymology
• Nature of enzyme catalysis
• Naming of enzymes
• Michaelis-Menten concept of enzyme action
• Active binding and catalytic sites
• Factors affecting enzymes catalyzed reactions
• Control of enzyme activity
• Multi enzyme systems
• Metabolic Generation of Energy
• Energy relationship between catabolic and anabolic pathways
• Stages in the extraction of energy from food stuff
• Generalized concept of glycolysis
• Kreb’s cycle
• Glycogen synthesis
• Oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain

Utilization of Energy
• Energy utilization in anabolic processes
• Dark reaction of photosynthesis
• Biosynthesis for storage