Rajiv Gandhi Centre For Biotechnology Nagpur

I want to do M. Sc. Biotechnology from Rajiv Gandhi Centre For Biotechnology Nagpur, so can you tell me require eligibility and program syllabus ??

[Pathak]

Rajiv Gandhi Centre For Biotechnology part of Nagpur university set up to develop trained human resources in biotechnology with special emphasis on Food & Fermentation Biotechnology, Environmental Biotechnology & Molecular Biotechnology

As you want admission in Rajiv Gandhi Biotechnology Centre M. Sc. Biotechnology, so here I am telling require info

Admission eligibility
B.Sc. graduates with Biotechnology/ Microbiology/ Chemistry/ Biochemistry/ Botany/ Life Sciences are eligible.

Intake strength in each academic session will be 10 students.

Students' selection is made through an All India combined Entrance Examination presently conducted by Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

Syllabus
M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester I
Paper – I

Cell biology, genetics, and enzymology

Unit I
Cell Structure, Cycle, Signalling

Structure and function of cell organelles:

Plasma membrane: transport of nutrients, ions and macromolecules.

Cell walls: Archae, Bacteria, plant cells.

Mitochondria: Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation.

Chloroplasts: Chlorophyll, carotenoids and photosynthesis.

Golgi complex: Endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, peroxisomes (functions).

Cell cycle: Molecular events and model systems of S. cerevisiae.

Cell signalling: Signal transduction in animal and plant cells (tyrosine kinase, light induced signalling)

Unit II
Replication, Mutations and Repair

DNA Replication: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA replication, mechanisms of DNA replication, fidelity of replication, enzymes and accessory proteins involved in DNA replication.

Gene mutations: Types of mutations. Suppression. Ames’ test.

DNA Repair: Direct repair, Ada protein, NER, BER, MMR, SOS repair, Transcription-repair coupling, repair of double-strand breaks.

Unit III
Transcription, Modifications of RNA, and Protein biosynthesis

Prokaryotic Transcription: RNA Polymerase holoenzyme and apoenzyme, different sigma factors, details of initiation, elongation, termination. Transcription regulation (lac operon, ara operon, trp operon, negative autogenous control).

Eukaryotic Transcription: Three types of RNA polymerases. Promoter of RNA polymerase II. Enhancers. General and inducible transcription factors. Britten-Davidson model. DNA binding and activation domains of transcription factors. Packaging of chromosomes and its relation to transcription regulation.

Modifications of RNA: 5’ cap formation, polyadenylation, splicing of nuclear pre-mRNA, mRNA stability. Regulation of translation by 3’ and 5’ UTR motifs.

Genetic code: characteristics, deciphering the code.

Protein biosynthesis: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation, the translational machinery, mechanism of initiation, elongation and termination.

Unit IV

Genes: Molecular structure of prokaryote and eukaryote genes.

Bacterial genetic system: recombination (transformation, conjugation, transduction and transposition) Plasmids, salient features of the E. coli genetic map.

Extrachromosomal inheritance: Maternal effects, Cytoplasmic inheritance (chloroplast and mitochondrial determined heredity and infective heredity).

Unit V
Basic Enzymology

Basics: Enzyme nomenclature, classification and specificity. Concept of coenzymes.

Mechanism of enzyme action: Models, catalysis by proximity effect, acid-base catalysis, electrostatic interaction, metal ion catalysis, nucleophilic and electrophilic catalysis,

Basic aspects of enzyme kinetics: Michaelis-Menten equation (derivation, significance and transformation). Two substrate kinetics. Modifying factors of enzyme kinetics, enzyme inhibition and types of inhibitors.

Concept of multienzyme complexes: fatty acid synthase and dehydrogenase complexes.

Concept of enzyme regulation: Allosteric (example ATCase), chemical modification and calmodulin mediated regulation.

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester I
Paper – II

Macromolecules and biophysical techniques

Unit – I

Chemistry of Biomolecules- I

Chemistry of Carbohydrates : Energy storage molecules – starch, glycogen. Building blocks – cellulose, hemicellulose, chitin. Cell surface molecules – glycolipids, proteoglycans, etc.

Chemistry of lipids : Triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, sterols, terpenes, lipoproteins (LDL, VLDL, HDL, IDL). Lipid micelles, Liposomes.

Unit – II

Chemistry of Biomolecules- II

Proteins: Amino acids and peptides. Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. Protein sequencing, protease mapping. Ramachandran plot. Collagen structure. Domain structure, models of protein folding, methods of study of protein folding, roles of chaperones and chaperonins.

Nucleic acids: Structure of DNA and RNA: A, B, and Z forms of DNA. Novel structures. DNA bending and bendability. Denaturation and renaturation studies and their applications, nucleic acid hybridization. Topological structure of DNA.

Unit- III

Biophysical techniques - I

UV-Visible spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry, absorption and emission spectrophotometry, IR, NMR, Lumionometry.

Basic introduction to Raman and Mass spectrophotometry.

Unit – IV

Biophysical techniques - II

Chromatography : Basic principles of partition, adsorption, gel filtration, affinity, ion exchange chromatography. Concept of GLC and HPLC.

Electrophoresis: Gel electrophoresis (Agarose, PAGE, SDS PAGE), Disc gel electrophoresis, , Gradient electrophoresis, Pulsed field gel electrophoresis, Capillary electrophoresis.

Viscosity: Determination of conformational changes through viscosity.

Unit – V

Biophysical techniques – III

Centrifugation:

Basic principles, Mathematics & theory (RCF, Sedimentation coefficient etc)

Types of centrifuge : microcentrifuge, high speed & ultracentrifuges.

Preparative centrifugation: Differential & density gradient centrifugation, Applications (Isolation of cell components).

Analytical centrifugation: Determination of molecular weight by sedimentation velocity & sedimentation equilibrium methods.

Radioactivity:

Radioactive & stable isotopes, Pattern and rate of radioactive decay, Units of radioactivity.

Measurement of radioactivity: Geiger-Muller counter, Solid & Liquid scintillation counters (Basic principle, instrumentation & technique), Brief idea of radiation dosimetry, Cerenkov radiation, autoradiography.

Measurement of stable isotopes: Falling drop method and Mass spectrometry.

Applications of isotopes in biochemistry, Principles of tracer techniques, Its advantages and limitations, Distribution studies, Isotope dilution technique, Metabolic studies, Clinical application. Radioimmunoassay.

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester I
PRACTICAL

Section: A (Cell Biology, Enzymology)

Compulsory Practicals :

Determination of activity of calcium ATPase of plasma membrane.

Subcellular fractionation and assay of marker enzymes.

Assay of activity of LDH.

Optional Practicals :

Cell motility and flagellar staining.

Microscopic studies of cell organelles.

Cell types of plants- maceration of various tissue explant and identification of xylem, trachied, stomata, root hair, etc.

F-Actin assay by Dnase inhibition method.

Determination of activity of sodium/potassium ATPase of plasma membrane.

Isolation of neutrophils and demonstration of phagocytosis.

Determination of osmotic fragility of RBC membrane.

Study of electron micrographs of various organelles.

Assay of activity of beta-galactosidase

Assay of activity of acid phosphatase,

Enzyme purification by crystallization - urease.

Isolation of chlorophyll and xanthophyll from spinach leaves.

Effect of inhibitors on respiratory chain.

Section: B (Macromolecules and Analytical Techniques)

Compulsory Practicals :

Separation of proteins by ion exchange chromatography

Separation of lipids by thin layer chromatography

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: a) native enzyme preparation, b) SDS-PAGE of proteins.

Optional Practicals :

Introduction to measurements: balance and pipefitting, preparation of solutions of given molarity and normality.

Measurement of pH: buffering capacity, to determine pKa value and hence the dissociation constant of a given acid using pH meter.

Colorimetry: To determine the dissociation constant of a given indicator colorimetrically and to prepare buffer solutions in the pH range 2.2 to 8.0

Colorimetry: Assay of DNA by diphenylamine method.

Colorimetry: Assay of RNA by orcinol method.

Potentiometry: To determine redox potential of Fe++ and Fe+++.

Conductometry: to determine cell constant of 0.1 M KCl.

Conductometry: Titration of strong acid vs strong base, to find out equivalent conductance of salt formed.

Viscometry: To determine radius of glycerol molecule.

Viscometry: To determine molecular weight of protein and DNA.

Viscometry : To determine changes in the conformation of bovine serum albumin by viscosity measurements, effect of pH on conformation of BSA.

Spectrophotometry: To study the absorption spectrum of heamoglobin and NADH

The validity of beers law for colourimetric estimation of creatinine.

The ultarviolet absorption of proteins and amino acids.

Estimation of proteins by Lowry"s and Bradford method.

Estimation of protein by E280/E260 method.

Fractionation of proteins: Salt precipitation, solvent precipitation, isoelectric precipitation, dialysis, centrifugation.

Note: In addition to the Three compulsory practicals, at least 6 optional practicals from each section must be conducted within the semester.

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester II
Paper – I

Microbial Physiology, industrial biotechnology and biostatistics

Unit I

General Microbiology and Taxonomy

Prokaryotes: bacterial structure and morphology, endospore forming bacteria, pseudomonas, mycobacteria, archaebacteria.

Nutrition: nutritional classification, behaviour, cultivation, isolation, media and their types, maintenance of culture.

Growth: Measurement of growth, growth curve, continuous and synchronous culture, factors affecting microbial growth.

Microbial control: methods and dynamics of sterilization, mechanisms of control, biocontrol and preservation.

Concept of chemotherapy, chemotherapeutic agents, mechanisms of action.

Drug resistance, MDR, assessment and management of drug resistance.

g) Microbial classification: 16s rRNA sequence and bacterial phylogeny.

Unit II

Eukaryote and Viruses

Algae: General characteristics, Applications in biotechnology.

Fungi and slime moulds: General characteristics, applications in biotechnology.

Viruses: Nature, symmetry, capsid structure, nucleic acid.

Quantification of viruses

Life cycles: T4 and lambda.

Viroids and prions.

UNIT III

Bioreactor technology

Types of bioreactors- plug flow reactors, continuously stirred tank flow reactors, loop reactors, air lift reactors, fed batch reactors, fluidized bed reactors, rotatory disc reactors.

Concept of Batch process, continuous process, recycled and non recycled processes, liquid and solid state fermentations.

Concept of bioreactor designing and process optimization, mass transfer, heat transfer, mixing, rheology of fermentation fluids, mean resistance time, substrate utilization rate, oxygenation, oxygen sag, yield co-efficient.

Down stream processing-bioseparation; filtration, membrane filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation, flocculation, purification, solvent extraction, counter current extraction, ion exchange, affinity techniques, concentration, crystallization, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, drying, storage, and packaging.

Immobilized systems- adsorption, covalent bonding, entrapment, encapsulation, cross linking, types of reactors, diffusion characteristics, effective factors, instability factors, deactivation rates, relative length of half life.

Unit IV

Scale up, unit processes, Applications

Concept of control, basic control theory, turbidostatic and chemostatic control.

Basic principles of scale up, working parameters.

Unit processes- production of amylase, ethanol, penicillin.

Biosensor technology.


Unit V

Biostatistics

Measures of central tendency: mean, mode, and median.

Measures of dispersion: range, mean deviation, standard deviation.

Methods of sampling, sampling error, non-sampling errors, standard error.

Chi-square test, meaning of correlation and regression.

Cluster analysis: phylogenetic clustering by simple matching coefficients.

Presentation of statistical data: tabulation (simple tables, frequency distribution table); charts and diagrams (bar charts, histograms, pie charts, dendrogram).

Research designs with basic principles and field layout.

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester II
Paper – II

IMMUNOLOGY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & BIOINFORMATICS

Unit I

Immunology

History, detailed treatment of innate immunity and introduction to acquired immunity.

Cells involved in immune response and organs of lymphoid system (MALT, GALT, Lymph Nodes, Spleen)

Adaptive immune system: Humoral immune system, primary response, secondary response, B-cell, BCR, B-cell activation, antibody synthesis, classes of antibody and structure of antibodies.

Unit II

Immunology

Cell mediated immune response: MHC, antigen presentation, T-cell development, TCR, T-cell activation, mechanism of cell mediated immunity.

Cell-cell cooperation, role of cytokines, complement system.

Immunological techniques: Ag-Ab reactions, techniques based on precipitation, agglutination, immunodiffusion, RIA, EIA, hybridoma.

Unit III

Cancer Biology

Methods to study cancer. Animal models. Role of tissue culture in study of cancer. Combination of tissue culture and animal models.

DNA Viruses and cancer: Polyoma virus, SV40, adenovirus

Genetics of Cancer: Oncogenes (ras, erb-B, abl), suppressor genes (p53, Rb).

Angiogenesis, positive and negative factors affecting angiogenesis. Metastatsis, biochemical parameters acquired by metastatic cells.

Cancer stem cells.

Unit IV

Recombination, Genome Mapping, antisense, ribozymes and epigenetics

Homologous recombination: Holiday junction, gene targeting, gene disruption, FLP/FRT and Cre/Lox recombination, RecA and other recombinases.

Molecular mapping of genome: Genetic and physical maps, choice of mapping population, southern and fluorescence in situ hybridization for genome analysis, RFLP, RAPD, and AFLP analysis, molecular markers linked to disease resistance genes, application of molecular markers in forensic, disease prognosis, genetic counseling, pedigree etc.

Antisense and ribozyme technology: Molecular mechanism of antisense molecule, biochemistry of ribozyme, hammerhead ribozymes, applications of antisense and ribozyme technologies.

Epigenetics: chromatin marking systems, Direct chemical modification of DNA, Basic concepts of RNAi.

Unit V
Bioinformatics

Computer concept: computer organization, hardware, software, operating system (windows, unix, brief list of computer languages).

Concept of networking: internet, internet concepts, web browsing, public domain resources in biology.

Concept of database management: brief idea of data types, data structures, searching, sorting, designing a database, genomic, proteomic, and metabolic pathways databases.

Computer analysis of genetic sequences: general concepts of sequence analysis, identification of functional sequences, homology, brief idea of BLAST, ENTREZ, and PuBMed.

Proteomics: basic issues and concepJts, protein sequences and alignment, protein structure prediction.

Bioinformatics tools in drug design.

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester II
PRACTICAL

Section: A (Microbiology, immunology and industrial biotechnology)

Compulsory Practicals :

Western blotting.

Production of microbial products in bioreactors/fermentors.

Immobilization of cells/enzymes.

Optional Practicals :

Cleanliness, media preparation, sterilization, culturing methods, dilution techniques.

Staining techniques in microbiology; simple staining, gram staining, spore staining capsule staining, flagella staining.

Isolation of pure culture by different techniques.

Replica plating technique.

Propagation of viruses.

Assay of viruses.

Purification of immunoglobulins, qualitative assessment.

Demonstration of immunochemical reactions (blood group, Widal, VDRL, pregnancy, ELISA)

Blood film preparation and identification of cells.

Ouchterlony immunodiffusion,

Determination of albumin by radial immunodiffusion.

Determination of rheological constant.

Determination of oxygen transfer rate, volumetric transfer coefficient.

Section: B (Molecular biology, biostatistics, and bioinformatics)

Compulsory Practicals :

Separation of polyA RNA on oligo dT column.

Induction of b-galactosidase in strains of E. coli (I+ and I-).

Southern blotting.

Optional Practicals :

Isolation of genomic DNA.

Isolation of RNA.

Endonuclease digestion of DNA and analysis of DNA fragments by agarose electrophoresis.

Restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Ames test.

Calculation of mean, mode, and median.

Calculation of standard deviation and standard error.

Using computer in single user and multiple user environment.

Designing and management of databases.

Computer aided statistical analysis.

Computer presentation of statistical data, charts and diagrams.

Computer aided visualization of amino acid sequence of protein and its 3D structure.

Retrieving metabolic pathway using internet.

Homology searching using BLAST.

Computer aided survey of scientific literature.

Field layout based on statistical research designs.

Note: In addition to the Three compulsory practicals, at least 6 optional practicals from each section must be conducted within the semester.

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester III

Paper I

ANIMAL AND PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit I

Basics of Animal Cell Culture, Primary Culture and Established Cell Lines

Animal Cell Culture: Equipments and materials for animal cell culture technology. Various systems of tissue culture, their distinguishing features, advantages and limitations.

Culture medium: natural media, synthetic media, sera. Introduction to balanced salt solutions and simple growth medium. Brief discussion on the chemical, physical and metabolic functions of different constituents of culture medium, role of carbon di oxide, serum and supplements.

Characteristics of cells in culture: Contact inhibition, anchorage dependence, cell-cell communication etc.; Cell senescence; cell and tissue response to trophic factors.

Primary Culture: Behaviour of cells, properties, utility. Explant culture; suspension culture.

Established cell line cultures: Definition of cell lines, maintenance and management; cell adaptation.

Measurement of viability and cytotoxicity. Cell cloning, cell synchronization and cell manipulation. Various methods of separation of cell types, advantages and limitations; flow cytometry.

Unit II

Commercial Applications of Cell Culture

Scaling up of animal cell culture. Cell transformation.

Stem cell cultures, embryonic stem cells and their applications. Somatic cell genetics.

Apoptosis: Measurement of cell death. Apoptosis (death domain, role of cytochrome C)

Commercial applications of cell culture: Tissue culture as a screening system; cytotoxicity and diagnostic tests. Mass production of biologically important compounds (eg. Vaccines). Harvesting of products, purification, and assays. Three dimensional cultures and tissue engineering.

UNIT III

Plant Tissue Culture

Conventional plant breeding (introductory).

Introduction to cell and Tissue culture. Tissue culture as a technique to produce novel plants and hybrids.

Tissue culture media (composition and preparation)

Callus and suspension cultures: initiation and maintenance of callus and suspension cultures; single cell clones.

Organogenesis. Embryogenesis; transfer and establishment of whole plants in soil.

Shoot tip culture: rapid clonal propagation and production of virus free plants.

Embryo culture and embryo rescue.

Hybrid plants: protoplast isolation, culture and fusion, selection of hybrid cells and regeneration of hybrid plants, symmetric and asymmetric hybrid, cybrid.

Production of haploid plants: anther, pollen and ovary cultures for production of haploid plants and homozygous lines.

Germplasm conservation: cryopreservation, slow growth cultures and DNA banking for germplasm conservation.

UNIT IV

Applications of plant transformation for productivity and performance
Herbicide resistance, phosphoinothricine glyphosate, sulfonyl urea, atrazin, insect resistance, Bt genes, non-Bt-like protease inhibitor, virus resistance, coat protein mediated nucleocapsid gene, disease resistance, chitinase, 1-3 beta glucanase, RIP,
antifungal proteins, thionins, PR proteins, nematode resistance, abiotic stress, post harvest losses, long shelf life of fruits and flowers, use of ACC synthase, polygalacturanase, ACC oxidase, male sterile lines, bar and barnase systems, carbohydrate composition and storage, ADP glucose pyrophosphatase.

UNIT V

Plant metabolic engineering and industrial products: plant secondary metabolites, control mechanisms and manipulation of phenylpropanoid pathway, shikimate pathway, alkaloids, industrial enzymes, biodegradable plastics, polyhydroxybutyrate, therapeutic proteins, lysosomal enzymes, antibodies, edible vaccines, purification strategies, oleosin partitioning technology.

Molecular marker aided breeding: RFLP maps, linkage analysis, RAPD markers, STS, microsatellite, SCAR (sequence characterized amplified regions), SSCP (single strand conformational polymorphism), QTL, map based cloning, molecular marker assisted selection.

Green House Technology

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester III

Paper II

GENETIC ENGINEERING

UNIT I

Isolation of DNA From The Source

DNA manipulation enzymes: Nucleases (exonucleases and endonucleases), restriction modification system and restriction enzymes, ligases, polymerases, DNA modification enzymes and topoisomerases.

Gene isolation and purification: general methods (shotgun method for producing gene library, cloning specific genes by hybridization and reverse transcriptase methods, direct selection of a gene)

Gene libraries and molecular probes: Molecular probes for detecting nucleic acids and proteins. Genomic DNA library, cDNA library, oligonucleotide probes. Nucleic acid hybridization (Southern, northern). Antibody probes (western blotting, immunoprecipitation and south-western screening).

DNA sequencing: Sanger-Coulson dideoxynucleotide method, Maxam-Gilbert chemical cleavage method, multiplex DNA sequencing, automated DNA sequencing. Basic idea of oligonucleotide synthesis.

UNIT II

Splicing of DNA into Cloning Vectors

Cloning vectors: Plasmids as vectors, general characteristics of plasmids, bacterial vector plasmids, yeast vector plasmids, yeast artificial chromosomes. Viral vectors (lambda, M13). Cosmid vectors. Mammalian cloning vectors.

Insertion of DNA and ligation: Berg's terminal transferase method (dA:dT joints); Boyer-Cohen-Chang experiment (cohesive ends), Butt joints (T4 DNA ligase); current ligation techniques (blunt-end ligation, complementary end ligation, linkers, adaptors, homopolymer tailing.

UNIT III

Insertion of Foreign DNA into Host Cells

Transformation: DNA uptake by bacterial cells.

Transfection: Chemical and physical methods, Viral vectors. Polyethylene glycol, DEAE-dextran, calcium phosphate coprecipitation, dimethyl sulfoxide, liposomes, microinjection, macroinjection, electroporation, biolistics, somatic cell fusion, viral vectors (single- and two-strain packaging). gene transfer by pronuclear microinjection

Plant transformation technology: Basis of tumor formation, hairy root, features of Ti and Ri plasmids, mechanism of DNA transfer, role of virulence genes, use of Ti and Ri as vectors, binary vectors, use of 35S and other promoters, genetic markers, use of reporter genes, use of scaffold attachment regions, methods of nuclear transformation, viral vectors and their application, Biological and physical transformation methods. Chloroplast transformation.

Amplification of DNA: Polymerase chain reaction.

UNIT IV

Isolation of Products From Clones

Expression of foreign gene: expression of eukaryotic genes in bacteria, expression of foreign genes in yeast, insect and mammalian cells.

Salient features of expression vectors.

Processing of recombinant proteins: Refolding and stabilization.

Protein engineering.

UNIT V

Application

Production of monoclonal bodies by phage display technique using filamentous phage vectors.

Gene Therapy: somatic and germline, random and targeted gene replacement, in vivo and ex vivo gene delivery, retrovirus gene transfer system, advantages and disadvantages of adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes virus vectors, gene correction, replacement/augmentation, editing, regulation and silencing. Gene therapy of human diseases.

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester III
PRACTICAL

Compulsory Practicals :

Isolation of plasmid DNA (miniprep and alkaline bulk method)

Recombinant DNA technology: in vitro DNA ligation and transformation of E. coli.

Recombinant DNA technology: characterization of transformants.

Callus propagation, organogenesis, transfer of plants to soil.

Development of primary cell lines/maintenance of established cell lines.

Optional Practicals :

Preparation of plant tissue culture media.

Surface sterilization.

Organ culture.

Protoplast isolation and culture.

Anther culture: production of haploids.

Cytological examination of regenerated plants.

Preparation of animal cell culture media.

Filter sterilization and sterility test.

Media storage, serum inactivation.

Cell fusion.

Cell transformation by viruses.

Lyophilization of local germplasma.

Detection of coliforms for determination of the purity of potable water.

Isolation, identification, and preparation of biofertilizers/biopesticides.

Determination of total solids, total dissolved solids, suspended solids, DOC/BOD/COD of water/sewage sample.

Estimation of heavy metals in water/soil by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Note: In addition to the Five compulsory practicals, at least 3 optional practicals must be conducted within the semester.

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY


Semester IV

ACCREDITED WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT AND SEMINAR ON

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND LEGAL BASED APPLICATIONS

(The student must choose one topic from the list given below for his/her written assignment and

seminar)

Environment: basic concepts and issues, concept of sustainable development, role of microbial technology in achieving indegenous sustainable development.
Environmental pollution: types of pollution, methods for the measurement of pollution, methodology of environmental management (the problem solving approach, its limitations). Definition and conceptual aspects of eutrophication, biodeterioration, biotransformation and bioleaching.

Water pollution and its control: water as a scarce natural resource, need for water management, measurement of water pollution, sources of water pollution, waste water collection, waste water treatment (physical, chemical and biological treatment processes).
Microbiology of waste water treatments, aerobic process: activated sludge, oxidation ditches, trickling filter, towers, rotating discs, rotating drums, oxidation ponds.

Anaerobic processes: anaerobic digestion, anaerobic filters, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors.
Treatment schemes for water wastes of dairy, distillary, tannery, sugar, antibiotic industries.

Microbiology of degradation of xenobiotics in environment: ecological considerations, decay behavior and degradative plasmids, concept and consequences of biomagnification, biodegradation of hydrocarbons, substitued hydrocarbons, surfactants, pesticides and oil pollution.
Global environmental problems: ozone depletion, UV-B, green-house effect and acid rain, their impact and biotechnological approaches for management, impact of chemicals and biological warfare agents on environment.

Advancement in biogeochemical cycles: nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle, carbon cycle and sulfur cycle.
Bioremediation of barren land and agricultural land through biofertilizer technology.
Biopesticides in integrated paste management.

Biotechnology based legal applications and recent trends in biotechnology: intellectual property system in India, importance of trademark, biosafety and its implementations, environmental legislation, quality control in biotechnology.

Green Chemistry
Recent Trends in Environmental Biotechnology
Nanotechnology based application

Guidelines for Accredited Assignment and Seminar

1. The allotted assignment and its presentation in seminar will be accredited with 50 marks.

2. The assignment in written form must be submitted to the parent institute prior to its presentation.

3. The evaluation of assignment and its presentation will be done by approved teachers in biotechnology.

4. Every student must attend all seminars.

5. Marks should be forwarded to the controller of examination of RTM Nagpur University through the Principal/Director/Co-Ordinator/Head of the College/Institute/Department.

Marks
For written assignment work 20
For presentation and discussion 20
Regular attendance 10
____
Total 50

M. Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Semester IV
PROJECT