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Core: I - Biochemistry and Biophysics
The objective of the course is to provide a concise and unifying approach to physical
chemistry, biochemistry and biophysics. It also provides the structure, function and interactions
of bio molecules, how biological processes occur at the molecular level and to understand these
processes with strong backgrounds in chemistry, biology, and physics.
Unit – I
Structure of atom, molecules, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bond, Vander Vaal’s forces,
Intermolecular forces, electrolytes, pH and buffer capacity in the cell environment.
Unit – II
Amino acids: Structure, classification, properties, isoelectric point and zwitter ions. Proteins:
Classification based on chemical structure, function and solubility; properties, primary,
secondary and tertiary, Helix, principles of isolation and purification, Synthesis of polypeptides.
Enzymes: Classification, Kinetics, Co-factors, Enzyme inhibition, Enzyme substrate
compounds.
Unit – III
Nucleic acids: DNA structure and properties, DNA as a genetic material, DNA synthesis –
mechanism of replication (semi conservative and reverse transcription), nucleotides. Different
types of RNA: mRNA and rRNA.
Lipids: Classification, properties – saturated and unsaturated fatty acids – plant waxes, steroids,
cholesterol and lecithin.
Carbohydrates: Classification, structure and properties of functional groups.
Unit – IV
Bioenergetics: Laws of thermodynamics, concept of free energy, oxidation reduction (redox)
reactions. Energy coupling reactions, energy rich compounds, ATP cycle, standard free energy,
membrane potentials, and negative entropy changes in living systems, enzyme catalysis.
M.Sc. Animal Biotechnology Syllabus – 2007-‘08 Batch and onwards University Silver Jubilee Year – 2006-‘07
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Unit – V
Analytical techniques: Principle and application of Chromatography (Paper, thin-layer, column
and GLC), Centrifugation (RPM and G, Ultra centrifugation), Spectroscopic techniques (UV,
visible spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, NMR, IR, fluorescence & atomic absorption),
Isotopes and their importance (GM counters & Scintillation counting).

Practical:
1.pH: Operation of pH meter to measure the pH of Haemolymph and body fluids.
2. Preparation of buffers: Phosphate buffer and citrate buffer.
3. Chromatographic techniques:
a. Paper chromatographic techniques to separate amino acids.
b. Thin layer chromatographic technique to separate lipids.
c. Column chromatographic techniques to separate urinary pigments.
d. HPLC – Demonstration.
4. Colorimetric/Spectrophotometric estimation of the following biomolecules.
a. Total free amino acids (Ninhydrin reagent method)
b. Protein (Biuret and Lowry et al., 1951 method)
c. Total soluble carbohydrates (Anthrone reagent method)
d. Total serum triglycerides
5. Protein extraction from animal tissues and separation
6. Electrophoresis (PAGE) – Demonstration.
Reference Books:
1. Biochemistry, by D.Voet and J.G. Voet, 2004. John Wiley & Sons, USA
2. Biochemistry, by R.H. Garrett and C.M. Grisham, (3rd Edition) 2007. Saunders College
Publishers.
3. Principles of Biochemistry by A.L. Lehninger. 1984. CBS Publishers and Distributors,
New Delhi.
4. Physical Biochemistry by D. Friefelder, (2nd edition) 1982. W.H. Freeman & Company.
5. The Physical Basis of Biochemistry, by Peter R. Bergethon, Springer-Verlag, 1998.

6. Biophysics-An Introduction, by C. Sybesma, 1989, Kluwer Academic Publisher.
7. Cellular Biophysics I and II, by Thomas F. Weiss, 1995, MIT Press.
8. Basic Biophysics for Biology, by E. K. Yeargers, 1992, CRC press.
9. Principles of Biochemistry by Albert L. Lehninger (4th edition) 2004. CBS Publishers
& Distributors, New Delhi.
10. Biochemistry by Lubert stryer (4th edition) 2000. Freeman International Edition.
11. Biochemistry by Keshav Trehan, 1990. Wiley Eastern Publications.
12. Fundamentals of Biochemistry by J.L.Jain et. al. (4th edition) 1994. S.Chand and
Company.
13. Textbook of Organic Chemistry (A Modern Approach) Ist edition) 2002. McGraw Hill.
14. The Biochemistry of Nucleic acid – Tenth Edition-Roger L.P.Adams, John T. Knowler
and David P.Leader, 1992. Chapman and Hall Publications.
15. Essentials of Biophysics by Narayanan, P (2000), New Age Int. Pub. New Delhi.
16. A Text Book of Biophysics by Roy R.N. (1999), New Central Book Agency.
17. Biochemistry. S. C. Rastogi, 2nd edition. 2003. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company
Ltd., N. Delhi.

Department of Zoology
M.Sc. Animal Biotechnology (CBCS Pattern)
07ZOOBC02 Core: II – Molecular Cell Biology
Unit – I
Cell organization, Sub-cellular structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Synthesis and sorting
of plasma membrane. Chromatin structure and nucleosome concept, Organization and function of
genetic material, Gene paradox, Repetitive DNA, Satellite DNA, Overlapping genes, Split genes,
Pseudogenes. Chromatin, nuclear and mitochondrial genome organization, Structures of DNA and
RNA, Stereochemistry of bases and secondary structures. Genetic structure analyses of eukaryotic
genomes.

Unit-II
Evidence of basic targets, Enzymes, Mechanisms of DNA replication in eukaryotes. t-RNA, m-RNA,
r-RNA and hn-RNA structures and folding, Mechanisms in eukaryotes RNA splicing. Ribosomes,
Genetic code, General control of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, Post-translational modifications,
Protein targeting.

Unit-III
Gene regulation in eukaryotes, Gene clustering, Mechanism of positive and negative control of gene
expression. Translational and transcriptional control of regulatory mechanism of gene expression,
Environmental effects on gene regulation.

Unit-IV
Signaling at the cell surface, Types of signaling pathways that control gene activity, Integration of
signals and gene controls. Moving proteins into membranes and organelles, Vascular traffic,
secretion and endocytosis, Metabolism and movement of lipids.

Unit-V
Regulation of the Eukaryotic cell cycle, Cell birth, Lineage and cell death. Cancer/ oncogenes, Cell
markers, Cellular morphology, Primary and established cell lines, Kinetics of cell growth, Genetics
of cultured cells. Stem cell culture, embryonic stem cells and their applications. Cell culture
based vaccines. Somatic cell genetics.

Practical:
1. Principles of microscopy and optics*.
2. Cell size determination
3. Microtomy and photography*.
4. Mounting of polytene chromosomes.
5. Preparation of mitosis in Onion root tip.
6. Cell division in Grasshopper testis*.
7. Preparation of animal tissue culture medium using membrane filtration*.
8. Preparation of single cell suspension from spleen/ thymus of mice*.
9. Cell counting and cell viability using trypan blue dye exclusion assay
10. SDS - PAGE of protein from animals*.
* Practical by demonstration only.

List of Suggested Reference Books:
1. Cell and Molecular Biology, (8th edn)., De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E. M.F.
1995, B.I.Waverly Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Essential Cell Biology, B. Albert et al., 1998. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York.
3. Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology. (2nd edn.)., Kleinsmith, L. J. & Kish, V.M.
1995.
4. Molecular Biology of the Cell. (3rd edn.)., Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M.,
Roberts, K., Watson, J.D. (eds.) 1994. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York.
5. Molecular Cell Biology (5th Edn.), H. Lodish et al., 2004. W.H. Freeman and Company,
New York.
6. Molecular Biology of the gene, J.D. Watson. 1977. (3rd Edn.) W.A. Benjamin Inc.
London.
7. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (7th Edn.)., A.J.F. Griffths et al., 2000. W.H.
Freeman & Co.
8. Principles of Biochemistry, A.L. Lehninger. 1984. CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
M.Sc. Animal Biotechnology Syllabus – 2007-‘08 Batch and onwards University Silver Jubilee Year – 2006-‘07
6
9. Principles of Genetics (6th Edn.)., R.H. Tamarin, 1996. McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
10. Genes VIII, Lewin, B., 1987. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo.
11. Molecular Cell Biology, Darvell, J. et. al., 1998 – Garland Publishing iwc, New York.
12. Culture of Animal Cells, (4th Edition), R. Lan Freshney, 2000, Wiley-Liss.

Department of Zoology
M.Sc. Animal Biotechnology (CBCS Pattern)
07ZOOBC03 Core: III - Microbiology
Unit – I
Introduction to Microbiology – Scope of microbiology – History of microbiology –
Classification of bacteria, fungi, yeast and virus. Structure and functions of bacteria and virus.
Reproduction in bacteria – Transformation, conjugation, transduction. Mapping in bacterial
genomes.

Unit – II
Cultivation and control of microorganism – Methods of collection of sample – methods of
estimation of microorganism in soil, water and air – Isolation and identification of bacteria.
Methods of sterilization and disinfection – Microbial control – Physical and chemical –
techniques of pure culture – Method of cultivation of bacteria – Phases of growth – Influence of
environment on bacteria – Nutritional requirements of heterotrophic bacteria.

Unit – III
Microbial Ecology: Distribution of microorganism in soil, water and air – Environmental
factors influencing the distribution of microorganism – Role of microorganisms in the cycling of
nutrients – Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and sulphur cycle – Bacterial photosynthesis –
Microbial interactions – synergism, symbiosis, commensalism and parasitism.

Unit – IV
Food Microbiology: Sources, types incidence of microorganism in vegetables, meats, poultry,
seafood, milk and diary products – spoilage of food, fruits, vegetables, cereals, meat, poultry
egg, seafood, caned products – Factors influencing spoilage – Methods of detection of spoilage,
physical, chemical, bioassay – principles of food preservation and prevention of food spoilage –
Food poisoning organism.

Unit – V
Microbial Technology: Genetic engineering of food and additives – Single Cell Protein (SCP)
production – Production of organic acids (acetic acid), ethanol – Antibiotics – Microbial toxins –
bacterial – Vitamins – methanogenesis – hydrogen oxidizing bacteria – Fermentation products –
Degradation of protein, cellulose, pectin and chitin – Oil degrading bacteria.

Practical:
1. Preparation and requirements of microbiology laboratory.
2. Microscopy the operational uses of light microscope, preparation, use and care.
3. Preparation of Non-selective selective culture media.
4. Estimation of bacterial from soil and water using plate count or serial dilution.
5. Isolation of bacteria.
6. Observation of morphological characters of bacterial and protozoan temporary wet mount
technique.
7. Staining methods: Preparation of smears for staining, simple staining, negative staining,
gram staining.
8. Control of microorganism – physical methods (moist and dry heat) – mechanical removal
methods (sterilization and filtration).

References:
1. Burden, K.L. and R.P. Williams (6th Ed.) 1968. Microbiology. The Macmillan Co.,
London P. 818.
2. Dawes, E.A. (Ed.) 1986. Energy conservation in bacterial photosynthesis. In: Microbial
energetics. Blackie & Son Ltd., Glasgon, 133-144pp.
3. Doelle, H.W. (Ed.) 1969. Fermentation acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria. In:
Bacterial metabolism. Academic Press. New York, London. 256 – 351 pp.
4. Hay, J.M. (Ed.) 1986. Modern Food Microbiology. CBS publishers, Delhi. 622 pp.
5. Reed, G. (4th Ed.) 1983. Prescott & Dunn’s Industrial Microbiology. AVI Publishing
Co., Inc. Connecticut, 883. pp.
6. Roberts, T.A. and F.A. Skinner (Eds.) 1983. Food Microbiology: Advances and
Prospects, Academic Press, Inc. London, 393 pp.
7. Selle, A.J. (Ed.) 1967. Fundamental Principles of Bacteriology. Tata McGra – Hill
Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi, 822 pp.
8. Shelegel, K.G. (6th Ed.) 1986. General Microbiology. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 587 P.
9. Steinkraus, K.H. (Ed.) 1983. Hand Book of Indigenous Fermented Food. Marcel Dekker
Inc. New York, 671 P.
10. Wistreich, G.A. and M.D. Lechtman, 1976. Microbiology, 3rd edition. Macmillan
Publishing Co., London, 786 P.

Department of Zoology
M.Sc. Animal Biotechnology (CBCS Pattern)
07ZOOGE11 Elective: I - An Introduction to Human Cytogenetics
Unit-I
History of Human Chromosome Research - Denver Conference (1940) - Chicago Conference
(1966) - Paris Conference (1971) - Nomenclature of Human Chromosome.

Unit-II
Identification of Human diploid chromosome - peripheral blood cultures - banding techniques -
G-band; Q-band; C-band; R-band - Identification of 23 pairs of Human chromosomes by band
position.

Unit-III
Chromosomal syndromes: Autosomal syndromes - Sex chromosomal syndromes - Structural
chromosomal syndromes.

Unit-IV
a) Prenatal diagnosis: Chorionic villi sampling - Foetoscopy, Ultrascopy - Amniocentesis. b)
Postnatal diagnosis: Peripheral blood leucocyte culture - Sister Chromatid Exchange - Fragile
site - Mitotic index. c) Genetic Counseling.

Unit-V
Hereditary forms of Cancer - Oncogenes and Cancer - Chromosomes and Cancer - Cancer and the
environment.

Reference Books:
1. Study guide for Cumming's human heredity principles and issues by Shontz, Nancy N. ;
Cummings, Michael R. (3rd Edition), 2000. Pacific Grove, CA : Brooks/Cole Thomson
Learning
2. Genetics Medicine (1994) - by Karl. H. Muench. Elsevier pb. London
3. Human Genetics by Elof Axel Carlson, 1984. Tata McGraw-Hill pb. New Delhi.

Department of Zoology
M.Sc. Animal Biotechnology (CBCS Pattern)
07ZOOGS14 Supportive: I - Entomo-biotechnology
Unit – I
Critical examination and discussion of advances in the areas of insect biotechnology, including
genetic engineering and genomics.

Unit – II
An in-depth analysis and role of insect as vectors of pathogens, or as parasites causing disease in
humans (principally) and animals – mosquito transmitted diseases - The interaction of host and
parasite and the dynamic nature of the epidemiological system

Unit – III
Biology of insect, viruses, bacteria, fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes and their use in
insect pest/vector control.

Unit – IV
Genetic improvement of natural enemies, Insect cell line, Botanical insecticides and Neuroendocrinology
- bioactive peptides.
-
Unit – V
Transgenic plants- role in insect control, Genetic control - Sterile (transgenic) Insect Technology
(SIT).

References:
1. Yoshinori N & Kaya H, (1993). Insect Pathology (Academic Press) Pp. 1 - 666
2. Ananthakrishnan, T.N (2007). Dimensions of Molecular Entomology (University Press).
Pp. 1- 162
3. Blissard, G.W. and Rohrmann, G.F.1990. Baculovirus Diversity and Molecular Biology.
Ann. Rev. Entomol. 35: 127-155.
4. Burges, H.D. 1981. Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases. Pp.949. Academic
press. New York.
5. Carter, J.B.1984. Viruses as pest control agents. Biotechnol. and Genetic Engineering
Reviews, 1: 375 – 419.
6. Cho, T., Shular, M.L. and Granados, R.R. 1989. Current Developments in New Media
and cell Culture System for the Large Scale Production of Insect Cells. Advances in Cell
Culture. 7: 261-277.
7. Cockburn, A.F., Howels, A.J. and Whitten, M.J. 1984. Recombinant DNA Technology
and Genetic Control of Pest Insects. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews, 2:
69-99.
8. Day, P.R. 1986. Biotechnology and Crop Improvement and Protection. BCRC
Monograph No. 34, Pp. 24.
9. Hedin, P.A., Men, P.A. and Hollingsworth, R.M. (eds.) 1988. Biotechnology for Crop
Protection, 471 Pp. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
10. Herzog, D.C. and Hoy, M.A. 1985. Biological Control in Agrl. IPM system, Pp. 5889.
Academic Press, New York.
11. Hoy, M.A. 1985. Recent Advances in Genetics and Genetic Improvement of
Phytoseiidae. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 30: 343-370.
12. Kirschbaum, J.B. 1985. Potential Implication of Genetic Engineering and other
Biotechnologies to Insect Control. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 30: 51-70.
13. Maeda, S. 1989. Expression of Foreign Genes in Insects using Baculovirus Vectors.
Ann. Rev. Entomol. 34.
14. Meeusen. L. and Warren, G. 1989. Insect Control with Genetically Engineered Crops.
Ann. Rev. Entomol. 34: 373-381.
15. Miller, L.K. Lingg, A.J. and Bulla, L.A. Jr. 1983. Bacterial, Viral and Fungal
Insecticides. Sciences, 219: 715-721.

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in graduation. How can I get them