Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test study material or syllabus

I want to give the Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test and for that I want to get the Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test study material or syllabus so can you provide me that?

[Arun Vats]

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Pharmaceutics

Introduction to Physical pharmacy; Matter, Properties of Matter:
State of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heats and vapor pressure, sublimationcritical
point, Eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols-inhalers, relative humidity, liquid.
complexes, liquid crystals, glassy state, solids- crystalline, amorphous and polymorphism.

Micromeretics and Powder Rheology:
Particle size and distribution, average particle size, number and weight distribution, particle
number, methods for determining particle volume, methods of determining particle size- optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation; measurements of particle shape, specific
surface area; methods for determining surface area; permeability, adsorption, derived
properties of powders, porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow
properties

Surface and Interfacial Phenomenon:
Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of
surface and interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, adsorption at liquid interfaces,
surface active agents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency, adsorption at solid
interfaces, solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of
interface.

Viscosity and Rheology:
Newtonian systems, Law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature; non-
Newtonian systems: pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic; thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation,
negative thixotropy, determination of viscosity, capillary, falling ball, rotational
viscometers

Dispersion Systems:
Colloidal dispersions: Definition, types, properties of colloids, protective colloids,
applications of colloids in pharmacy; Suspensions and Emulsions: Interfacial properties of
suspended particles, settling in suspensions, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian
motion, sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of
particles, controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheological
considerations; Emulsions-types, theories, physical stability.

Complexation:
Classification of complexes, methods of preparation and analysis, applications.

Kinetics and Drug Stability:
General considerations & concepts, half-life determination, Influence of temperature, light, solvent,
catalytic species and other factors, Accelerated stability study, expiration dating
Importance of Microbiology in pharmacy; Structure of bacterial cell; Classification of microbes and their
taxonomy:
Actinomycetes , bacteria, rickettsiae, spirochetes and viruses;

Identification of Microbes:
Stains and types of staining techniques, electron microscopy; Nutrition, cultivation, isolation of bacteria,
actinomycetes, fungi, viruses, etc; Microbial genetics and variation;

Control of microbes by physical and chemical methods
Disinfection, factors influencing disinfectants, dynamics of disinfection, disinfectants and antiseptics and
their evaluation

Sterilization:
different methods, validation of sterilization methods & equipments; Sterility testing of all pharmaceutical
products. Microbial assays of antibiotics, vitamins & amino acids.

Immunology and Immunological Preparations:
Principles, antigens and heptans, immune system, cellular/humoral immunity, immunological tolerance,
antigen-antibody reactions and their applications. Hypersensitivity, active and passive immunization.
Vaccines and sera: their preparation, standardization and storage.

Genetic Recombination:
Transformation, conjugation, transduction, protoplast fusion and gene cloning and their applications.
Development of hybridoma for monoclonal antibodies. Study of drugs produced by biotechnology such as
Activase, Humulin, Humatrope, HB etc;

Antibiotics:
Historical development of antibiotics. Antimicrobial spectrum and methods used for their standardization.
Screening of soil for organisms producing antibiotics, fermenter, its design, control of different
parameters. Isolation of mutants, factors influencing rate of mutation. Design of fermentation process.
Isolation of fermentation products with special reference to penicillins, streptomycins tetracyclines and
vitamin B12.

Introduction to pharmaceutical jurisprudence & ethics :
Pharmaceutical Legislations - A brief review; Drugs & Pharmaceutical Industry - A brief review;
Pharmaceutical Education - A brief review;

An elaborate study of the followings:
Pharmaceutical Ethics; Pharmacy Act 1948; Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945; Medicinal &
Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act 1955; Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 & Rules;
Drugs Price Control Order;

A brief study of the following Acts with special reference to the main provisions and the latest
amendments:
Poisons Act 1919; Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954; Medical
Termination of Pregnancy Act 1970 & Rules 1975; Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960; States Shops
& Establishments Act & Rules; Insecticides Act 1968; AICTE Act 1987; Factories Act 1948; Minimum Wages
Act 1948; Patents Act 1970. A brief study of the various Prescription/Non-prescription Products.
Medical/Surgical accessories, diagnostic aids, appliances available in the market.

Introduction to dispensing and community pharmacy; Prescription:
Handling of prescription, source of errors in prescription, care required in dispensing procedures including
labeling of dispensed products. General dispensing procedures including labeling of dispensed products;
Pharmaceutical calculations: Posology, calculation of doses for infants, adults and elderly patients;
Enlarging and reducing recipes percentage solutions, alligation, alcohol dilution, proof spirit, isotonic
solutions, displacement value etc;

Principles involved and procedures adopted in dispensing of :
Typical prescriptions like mixtures, solutions, emulsions, creams, ointments, powders, capsules, pastes,
jellies, suppositories, ophthalmic, pastilles, lozenges, pills, lotions, liniments, inhalations, paints sprays
tablet triturates, etc;

Incompatibilities:
Physical and chemical incompatibilities, inorganic incompatibilities including incompatibilities of metals
and their salts, non-metals, acids, alkalis, organic incompatibilities. Purine bases, alkaloids, pyrazolone
derivatives, amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, carbohydrates, glycosides, anesthetics, dyes,
surface active agents, correction of incompatibilities. Therapeutic incompatibilities;

Community Pharmacy:
Organization and structure of retail and whole sale drug store-types of drug store and design, legal
requirements for establishment, maintenance and drug store-dispensing of proprietary products,
maintenance of records of retail and wholesale, patient counseling, role of pharmacist in community
health care and education (First aid, communicable diseases, nutrition, family planning).

Organization and Structure of hospital pharmacy:
Organization of a hospital and hospital pharmacy, Responsibilities of a hospital pharmacist, Pharmacy and
therapeutic committee, Budget preparation and Implementation.

Hospital Formulary:
Contents, preparation and revision of hospital formulary.

Drug Store Management and Inventory Control:
Organization of drug store, Types of materials stocked, storage conditions; Purchase and Inventory Control
principles, purchase procedures, Purchase order, Procurement and stocking;

Drug distribution Systems in Hospitals:
Out-patient dispensing, methods adopted; Dispensing of drugs to in-patients. Types of drug distribution
systems. Charging policy, labeling; Dispensing of drugs to ambulatory patients; Dispensing of controlled
drugs, Dispensing of ancillary supplies;

Central Sterile Supply Unit and their Management:
Types of materials for sterilization, Packing of materials prior to sterilization, sterilization equipments,
Supply of sterile materials.

Manufacture of Sterile and Non-sterile Products:
Policy making of manufacturable items, demand and costing, personnel requirements, manufacturing
practice, Master formula Card, production control, Manufacturing records.

Drug Information Services:
Sources' of Information on drugs, disease, treatment schedules, procurement of information,
Computerized services (e.g., MEDLINE), Retrieval of information, Medication error- types of medication
errors, correction and reporting.

Records and Reports:
Prescription filling, drug profile, patient medication profile, cases on drug interaction and adverse
reactions, idiosyncratic cases. Pharmacoeconomics: Introduction to pharmacoeconomics, different
methods of pharmacoeconomics, application of pharmacoeconomics. Pharmacoepidemiology: Definition
and scope, method to conduct pharmacoepidemiological studies, advantages & disadvantages of
pharmacoepidemiological studies.

Nuclear Pharmacy:
Methods of handling radioisotopes, radioisotope committee.

Importance of unit operations in manufacturing;
Stoichiometry:
Unit processes material and energy balances, molecular units, mole fraction, tie substance, gas laws, mole
volume, primary and secondary quantities, equilibrium state, rate process, steady and unsteady states,
dimensionless equations, dimensionless formulae, dimensionless groups, different types of graphic
representation, mathematical problems.

Fluid Flow:
Types of flow, Reynold's number, Viscosity, Concept of boundary layer, basic equations of fluid flow,
valves, flow meters, manometers and measurement of flow and pressure.

Heat transfer:
Concept of heat flow, applications of Fourier’s law, forced and natural convection, surface coefficients,
boiling liquids, condensing vapors, heat exchangers, heat interchangers, radiation, black body, Stefan
Boltzmann equation, Kirchoff’s law.

Evaporation:
Basic concept of phase equilibria, factor affecting evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single effect
and multiple effect evaporators, Mathematical problems on evaporation.

Distillation:
Roult's law, phase diagrams, volatility; simple steam and flash distillations, principles of rectification, Mc-
Cabe Thiele method for calculations of number of theoretical plates, Azeotropic and extractive distillation.

Drying:
Moisture content and mechanism of drying, rate of drying and time of drying calculations; classification
and types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and special drying methods.

Size Reduction:
Definition, objectives of size reduction, mechanisms of size reduction, factors affecting size reduction,
laws governing energy and power requirements of a mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid energy
mill. Size separation: Different techniques of size separation, sieves, sieve shakers, sedimentation tank,
cyclone separators, bag fillers etc.

Mixing:
Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixing equipments.

Filtration and Centrifugation:
Theory of filtration, continuous and batch filters, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters including filter
press, rotary filter, edge filter, etc. Factors affecting filtration, filtration, optimum cleaning cycle in batch
filters. Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters, and centrifugal sedimenters;

Crystallization:
Characteristics of crystals like-purity, size, shape, geometry, habit, forms size and factors affecting them,
Solubility curves and calculation of yields. Material and heat balances around Swenson Walker Crystallizer.
Supersaturation, theory and its limitations, Nucleation mechanisms, crystal growth. Study of various types
of Crystallizers, tanks, agitated batch, Swenson Walker, Single vacuum, circulating magma and Krystal
Crystallizer, Caking of crystals and its prevention. Numerical problems on yields;

Dehumidification and Humidity Control:
Basic concepts and definition, wet bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, Hygrometric chart and
measurement of humidity, application of humidity measurement in pharmacy, equipments for
dehumidificat4ion operations;

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning:
Principle and applications of refrigeration and air conditioning;

Material of Construction :
General study of composition, corrosion, resistance, Properties and applications of the materials of
construction with special reference to stainless steel and glass.

Material Handling Systems:
Liquid handling - Different types of pumps, Gas handling-Various types of fans, blowers and compressors,
Solid handling-Bins, Bunkers, Conveyers, Air transport.

Corrosion:
Classification, mechanism of corrosion, factors affecting, prevention and control.

Plant location:
Layout, utilities and services.
Industrial Hazards and Safety Precautions:
Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, fire and dust hazards. Industrial dermatitis, Accident records etc.

Automated Process Control Systems:
Process variables, temperature, pressure, flow, level and vacuum and their measurements; elements of
automatic process control and introduction to automatic process control systems; elements of computer
aided manufacturing (CAM). Reactors and fundamentals of reactors design for chemical reactions.

Liquid Dosages Forms:
Introduction, types of additives used in formulations, vehicles, stabilizers, preservatives, suspending
agents, emulsifying agents, solubilizers, colors, flavors and others, manufacturing packaging, labeling,
evaluation of clear liquids, suspensions and emulsions official in pharmacopoeia;

Semisolid Dosage Forms:
Definitions, types, mechanisms of drug penetration, factors influencing penetration, semisolid bases and
their selection. General formulation of semisolids, clear gels manufacturing procedure, evaluation and
packaging;

Suppositories:
Ideal requirements, bases, displacement value, manufacturing procedure, packaging and evaluation;

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