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B.Sc. (Hons) I Year
Paper I:
BIOMOLECULES:
UNIT I : BIOCHEMISTRY OF CELL
Definition and scope of biochemistry, cellular basis of life, molecular composition of cells, elements and compounds of life; Biomembranes - plasma membrane and membranes of sub-cellular organelles. Biochemical functions of cell organelles (revise your knowledge of ultrastructure of cell as it shall not be discussed); molecular logic of cell; unit of length used in cell biology and biochemistry; suitability of organic molecules as biomolecules, dimensions of cellular molecules and their packing in the cell.

Origin of Life:
Time scale of chemical and biological evolution; some working assumptions for origin of life, conditions leading to abiotic origin and organic compounds, current concepts of origin of life.

Water as Solvent of Life:
Physical properties and hydrogen bonding of H2O; structure of liquid water and its solvent properties, hydrophobic interactions; ionisation of H2O, ion product of water, the pH scale, definition of buffer, relationship between pH and pKa (Henderson-Hasselbach equation); fitness of aqueous environment for living organisms.

UNIT II : PROTEINS AND ENZYMES:
Proteins:
Definition, protein content of various type of cells; elemental composition, biological function of proteins; structure of twenty alpha-amino acids commonly found in proteins, Zwitterion nature of amino acid in aqeous solutions, abbreviations and classification of 20 amino acids, essential amino acids nutritive value of proteins; peptide bond formation, nomenclature of peptides backbone structure of protein/polypeptide, definition of N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids, properties of amino acids/proteins arising from their dipolar nature; basic understanding of primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary and domain structure of proteins/peptides, classification of proteins based on solubility and shape; elementary ideas on protein denaturation and loss of biological activity.

Enzymes:
Concept of enzyme nature of enzymes catalysed reaction, active site of enzymes, Michaelis-Menton equation, effect of temp & pH; role of co-enzymes, prosthetic groups, activator and inhibitors in enzyme catalysed reaction.

UNIT III : CARBOHYDRATES
Definition, empirical formulae & biological functions; Classification into monosaccharides (aldoses and ketoses), oligosaccharides & polysaccharides; Optical isomerism, open chain and ring structure of carbohydrates, mutarotation, structure of biologically important carbohydrates (D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-fructose, Dribose, D-2, deoxyribose, D-maltose, D-lactose, D-sucrose), polysaccharides, starch, cellulose, glycogen and mucopolysaccarides, suitability of polysaccharides as storage material in plants.

UNIT IV: LIPIDS
Definition, biological function, general formulae of fatty acids, essential and nonessential fatty acids, nomenclature and properties, classification of lipids into simple, complex and derived lipids, the general structure and function of major lipid subclasses: acyalglycerols, phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, waxes, terpenes, steriods, and prostaglandins; suitability of triglycerides as storage lipids; analytical characterization of fats and oils - saponification number and iodine number.

UNIT V: NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nature of genetic material; evidence that DNA is the genetic material, generalized structural plan of nucleic acid, nomenclature used in writing structure of nucleotides and nucleic acids, features of DNA double helix; Size of DNA in procaryotic and eukaryotic cells, central dogma of molecular biology; Gene, genome, chromosome, basic ideas of DNA replication, transcription and protein biosynthesis, role of DNA as genetic material, genetic code, codons, deciphering the genetic code, molecular basis of mutation.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. E.J. Wood & W.R. Pickering, INTRODUCING BIOCHEMISTRY (1982) ELBS/John Muray.
2. A.L., Lehninger, PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY (1982), Worth Publishers, Inc. New York.
3. E.E. Conn and P.K. Stumpf. OUTLINES OF BIOCHEMISTRY (1976) Wiley Eastern, New Delhi.
4. L. Stryer BIOCHEMISTRY (1995) W.H. Freeman Press, San Francisco, USA.

MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY:
Paper - II:
UNIT I : CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS
Types of microorganisms - general characteristics of main groups of microorganisms viz. prokaryotes, eukaryotes and archae; criteria used in the classification of bacteria - morphology, cytology, genetics, host specialization, serology, physiology etc; Mycoplasma.

UNIT II : MORPHOLOGY, NUTRITION & PHYSIOLOGY OF BACTERIA
(a) General organization of bacterial cells - gram positive and gram negative organisms; structure and function of peptidoglycan in gram positive and gram negative organisms; function of polymeric components in outer membrane and acidic polymers in gram negative organisms.

(b) Nutrition, physiology and growth of bacterial cells,different phases of growth, use of different types of media in bacterial cultivation.

UNIT III : APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BACTERIA GENETICS
Role of bacteria in food spoilage, fermentation, food-borne infections and sewage (domestic and industrial) treatment, biofertilizer.

Microbial genetics and differentiation:
Adaptation and mutation: types of mutation and induction of mutation; bacterial transformation, conjugation, sex types, transduction, transfection, protoplast fusion, genetic recombination, plasmids, IS elements and transposons.

B. VIROLOGY:
UNIT IV : MORPHOLOGY & REPLICATION OF VIRUSES
Definitions of virus, viroids, virusoids and prion; Virus structure, virus proteins, virus classification emphasising importance of bacteriophage and virus as tool in modern biological research, methods of assay; replication of RNA viruses, negative strand (VSV), positive strand (polio), retroviruses (to include all events in the infection cycle), replication of DNA viruses (adenovirus or SV40).

UNIT V : VIRAL INFECTIONS
Acute virus infections - Influenza, dengue and yellow fever viruses, persistent virus infection Herpes/Hepatitis and AIDS; transformation and Cancer - RNA tumor viruses/papoviruses; vaccines in prevention of viral infections - smallpox, rabies, hepatitis polio and AIDS.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. E. Alcamo, FUNDAMENTALS MICROBIOLOGY (1994). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Inc. California, USA.
2. P. Tauro, K.K. Kapoor and K.S. Yadav, AN INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi (1985).
3. M. Pelczar, E.C.S. Chan and M.R. Krieg, MICROBIOLOGY, McGraw Hill Inc., Singapore (1997).

B.Sc.(Hon’s) IInd year
Paper - III:
ENZYMOLOGY:
UNIT - I: INTRODUCTION
Definition, historical perspective, IUB enzyme classification (rationale, overview and specific examples), Nature of non-enzymatic and enzymatic catalysis. Measurement and expression of enzyme activity, enzyme assays. Definition of IU, enzyme turn over number and specific activity. Role of non-protein organic molecules and inorganic ions co-factors, coenzymes, prosthetic groups. Role of vitamins as coenzyme precursors (general treatment), details of coenzyme function of NAD and pyridoxal phosphate.

UNIT - II: MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION
Concept of enzyme-substrate complex, evidences for the formation of enzyme-substratecomplex. Nature of substrate binding sites, active sites of enzymes. Collision and transition state theory. Michaelis-Menten equation, determination and significance of Vmax and Km. Lock and key and induced fit model of enzyme-substrate interactions. Stereospecificity of the enzyme for substrates. Enzyme catalytic efficiency, proximity, orientation, distortion or strain, acid-base and nucleophilic catalysis.

UNIT - III: ENZYME KINETICS
Kinetics of zero and first order reactions, effect of enzyme concentration, substrate concentration temperature and pH on enzyme activity; enzyme inhibition (reversible and irreversible inhibition). Evaluation of Km, Ki and Vmax in the presence of inhibitors. Significance and evaluation of energy of activation and free energy.

UNIT - IV: ALTERNATIVE PLOTTING PROCEDURES
Lineweaver-Burk plot, Eadie-scatchard plot, Scatchard plot for equilibrium binding data, advantages and disadvantages of the plots. Bi-substrate enzymes (rapid equilibrium, random bi-bi, ordered bi-bi and ping-pong bi-bi reactions). Allosteric enzymes – definition, behaviour and physiological significance. Isoenzymes – physiological and diagnostic significance.

UNIT - V: INDUSTRIAL AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF ENZYMES
Industrial uses of enzymes, production of glucose from maltose, starch, cellulose and dextran, use of lactase in dairy industry, production of glucose-fructose syrup from sucrose, use of proteases in food, detergent and leather industry; medical applications of enzymes; use of glucose oxidase in enzyme electrodes.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. R.K.Murray, D.K. Granner, P.A. Mayes and V.W. Rodwell, HARPER’S BIOCHEMISTRY, 22nd edn. (1990), Prentice-Hall, International, USA.
2. P.K. Stumpf, OUTLINES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, 4th edn. (1994), Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, (Chapters 7 & 8).
3. Nelson and Cox, LEHNINGER’s PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, (2000), Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana/Worth Publishers, Inc., New York.
4. L. Stryer BIOCHEMISTRY 4th Ed. (1995) W.H. Freeman Co., San Francisco, USA
5. G.L. Zubay BIOCHEMISTRY 4th Ed. (1998) W.C. Brown Publishers, USA.

Paper - IV:
METABOLISM:
UNIT I: ANAEROBIC CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM:
Definition, reactions of glycolysis, entry of galactose, fructose and mannose in glycolysis, utilization of sucrose and lactose, production of ATP and its utilization during muscle contraction; oxygen debt; alcoholic fermentation; glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis; hexose monophosphate shunt pathway and its significance; regulation of glycolysis; what happen in diabetes? disorder related to carbohydrate metabolism (e.g. galactosemia, glucose intolerance, glycogen in storage disorders)

UNIT II: AEROBIC CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
History and background of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA; individual reactions of the TCA cycle; energetics of the cycle, anabolic nature of TCA cycle; regulation of TCA cycle, electron transport oxidative phosphorylation; Energy coupling hypothesis, physiological implications of anaerobic vs aerobic metabolism.

UNIT III: LIPID METABOLSIM
Historical development and individual reactions of beta oxidation pathway; oxidation of
unsaturated fatty acids and odd chain fatty acids; metabolism of triacytylglycerols; formation of
ketone bodies; biosynthesis of fatty acid, acid and cholesterol; role of serum lipoproteins (LDL, HDL)
in the development of coronary heart disease (CHD).

UNIT IV: NITROGEN METABOLISM
Introduction, metabolism of ammonia, urea cycle (preliminary account), nitrogen balance studies in man (normal, negative and positive nitrogen balance); transamination and deamination reactions, comparative biochemistry of nitrogen excretion; metabolism of purines and pyrimidines including regulation (preliminary account); amino acids as biosynthetic precursors & nucleotide and nucleoside coenzymes; biologically active amines (e.g. epinephrone, non-epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, r-amino-butyric acid & histamine), glutathione as cofactor.

UNIT V: METABOLIC REGULATION
Energy metabolism: integration of metabolism - an overview of major pathways & strategies of energy metabolism; organ specialization - brain, muscle, adipose tissue and liver. Introduction, enzyme compartmentalization, opposing unidirectional reactions; product inhibition, role of allosteric enzymes in metabolic regulation; integration of metabolsim of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins as applicable in humans. Role of hormones in the regulation of the metabolsim of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. R.K. Murray; G.K. Granner, P.A. Mayes and V.W. Rodwell, HARPER’S BIOCHEMISTRY, 25th edn., (2000), Prentice-Hall International Inc., USA (Chapter 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24 &for UNIT V: Chapter 29).
2. E.L. Smith, R.L. Hill, I.R. Lehman, R.J. Lefkowitz, P. Hander and A. White, PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY: Mammalian Biochemistry, 7th edn., (1987), Tata McGraw Hill International Book Co., Tokyo, Japan.
3. Nelson and Cox, Lehninger’s, PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, (2000), Kalyani Publish,
Ludhiana/Worth Publish., Inc. New York (Chapters 13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 & 21).
4. E.E. Conn and P.K. Stumpf, OUTLINES OF BIOCHEMISTRY, 4th edn., (1994), Wiley Eastern, New Delhi (Chapters 10 to 14,16, & 17).
5. L. Stryer, BIOCHEMISTRY , 4th edn., (1995), W.H. Freeman Press, San Francisco, USA (Chapter 26 for UNIT V).

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