CLAT LLM Exam Question Paper

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The Supreme Court of India upheld the decision to implement the quota for other backward glasses (OBCs) in higher educational institutions. The court, however, excluded the “creamy layer” from being a beneficiary. The reason is:

CLAT LLM Exam Question Paper

SECTION - I: ENGLISH
PART - A
Instructions: Read the given passage carefully and attempt the questions that follow and shade
the appropriate answer in the space provided for it on the OMR answer sheet.. Example: If the
appropriate answer is (a), shade the appropriate oval on the OMR sheet.
Marks: Each question carries 1 (one) mark. (Total. 10 marks)
MY LOVE OF NATURE, goes right back to my childhood, to the times when I -stayed on, my
grandparents' farm in Suffolk. My father was in the armed forces, so we were always moving and
didn't have a home base for any length of time, but I loved going there. I think it was my grandmother
who encouraged me more than anyone: she taught me the names of wild flowers and got me
interested in looking at the countryside, so it seemed obvious to go on to do Zoology at
University.
I didn't get my first camera until after I'd graduated, when I was due to go diving in Norway and
needed a method of recording the sea creatures I would find there. My father didn't know anything
about photography, but he bought me an Exacta, which was really quite a good camera for the
time, and I went off to take my first pictures of sea anemones and starfish. I became keen very
quickly, and learned how to develop and print; obviously I didn't have much money in those
days, so I did more black and white photography than colour, but it was all still using the camera
very much as a tool to record what I found both by diving and on the shore. I had no ambition at all to
be a photographer then, or even for some years afterwards.
Unlike many of the wildlife photographers of the time, I trained as a scientist and therefore my
way of expressing myself is very different. I've tried from the beginning to produce pictures which are -
always biologically correct. There are people who will alter things deliberately: you don't pick up sea
creatures from the middle of the shore and take them down to attractive pools at the bottom of the
shore without knowing you're doing it. In so doing you're actually falsifying the sort of seaweeds they
live on and so on, which may seem unimportant, but it is actually changing the natural surroundings
to make them prettier.
Unfortunately, many of the people who select pictures are looking for attractive images and, at the
end of the day, whether it's truthful or not doesn't really matter to them.
It's important to think about the animal first, and there are many occasions when I've not taken
a picture because it would have been too disturbing.
Nothing is so important that you have to get that shot; of course, there are cases when it would be very
sad if you didn't, but it's not the end of the world. There can be a lot of ignorance in people's behaviour
towards wild animals and it's a problem that more and more people are going to wild places:
while some animals may get used to cars, they won't get used to people suddenly rushing up to
them. The sheer pressure of people, coupled with the fact that there are increasingly fewer
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places where no-one else has photographed, means that over the years, life has become much more
difficult for the professional wildlife photographer.
Nevertheless, wildlife photographs play a very important part in educating people about what is out
there and what needs conserving. Although photography can be an enjoyable pastime, as it is to
many people, it is also something that plays a very important part in educating young and old alike. Of
the qualities it takes to make a good wildlife photographer, patience is perhaps the most obvious - you
just have to be prepared to sit it out. I'm actually more patient now because I write more than ever
before, and as long as I've got a bit of paper and a pencil, I don't feel I'm wasting my time. And
because I photograph such a wide range of things, even if the main target doesn't appear I can probably
find something else to concentrate on instead.
1. The writer decided to go to university and study Zoology because
(a) She wanted to improve her life in the countryside
(b) She was persuaded to do so by her grandmother
(c) She was keen on the natural world
(d) She wanted to stop moving around all the time
2. Why did she get her first camera?
(a) She needed to be able to look back at what she had seen
(b) She wanted to find out if she enjoyed photography
(c) Her father thought it was a good idea for her to have one
(d) She wanted to learn how to use one and develop her own prints
3. She did more black and white photography than colour because
(a) She did not like colour photograph
(b) She did not have a good camera
(c) She wanted quality photograph
(d) She didn't have much money in those days
4. How is she different from some of the other wildlife photographers she meets?
(a) she tries to make her photographs as attractive as possible
(b) she takes photographs which record accurate natural conditions
(c) she likes to photograph plants as well as wildlife
(d) she knows the best places to find wildlife
5. Which does 'them' refer to in the 7"' line in paragraph 3?
(a) sea creatures
(b) attractive pools
(c) seaweeds
(d) natural surroundings
6. What the writer means by 'ignorance in people's behaviour' is
(a) altering things deliberately
(b) people suddenly rushing up to animals
(c) people taking photographs of wild animals
(d) people not thinking about the animals in the first place

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7. The writer now finds it more difficult to photograph wild animals
because
(a) there are fewer of them
(b) they have become more nervous of people
(c) it is harder to find suitable places
(d) they have become frightened of cars
8. Wildlife photography is important because it can make people realise
that
(a) photography is an enjoyable hobby
(b) we learn little about wildlife at school
(c) it is worthwhile visiting the countryside
(d) wildlife photographs educate people about wild animals
9. Why is she more patient now ?
(a) she does other things while waiting
(b) she has got used to waiting
(c) she can concentrate better than she used to
(d) she knows the result will be worth it
10. Which of the following describes the writer?
(a) proud (b)sensitive (c) aggressive (d) disannointed
PART - B
Instructions: Three of the four words given below are spelt wrongly. Select the
word that is spelt correctly and shade the appropriate answer in the space
provided for it on the OMR answer sheet.
Marks : Each question carries 1 (One) mark. (Total 5 marks)
11. (a) acquintence (b) acquaintence (c) acquaintance(d)
acquintance
12. (a) neglegense (b) neglegence (c) negligance (d)
negligence
13. (a) grevance (b) greivance (c) grievance(d) grievence
14. (a) heirarchical (b) hierarchical c)hierarchical d)heirarchical
15. (a) garanter (b) garantor (c)guaranter (d) guarantor
PART - C
Instructions: Select the best option from the four alternatives given and shade
the appropriate answer in the space provided for it on the OMR answer sheet.
Marks: Each question carries 1 (one) mark. (Total 10 marks)
16. They live on a busy road……………….. a lot of noise from the traffic.
(a) It must be (b) It must have
(c) There must have (d) There must be
17. The more electricity you use,…………………………
(a) your bill will be higher (b) will be higher your bill
(c) the higher your bill will be (d) higher your bill will be

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18. Ben likes walking…………………………..
(a) Every morning he walks to work
(b) He walks to work every morning
(c) He walks every morning to work
(d) He every morning walks to work
19. It's two years……………Sophy
(a) that I don't see (b) that I haven't seen
(c) since I didn't see (d) since I last saw
20. What was the problem ? Why………………..leave early ?
(a) have you to (b) did you have to
(c) must you (d) you had to
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21. Nobody believed Arun at first, but he…………. to be right.
(a) worked out (b) came out
(c) found out (d) turned out
22. We can't…………… making a decision. We have to decide now.
(a) put away (b) put over
(c) put off (d) put out
23. The accident was my fault, so I had to pay for the damage…...the other
bar.
(a)' of (b) for (c) to (d) on
24. I really object people smoking in my house.
(a) to (b) about (c) for (d) on
25. A contract may be…………if the court finds there has been
misinterpretation of the facts.'
(a) restrained (b) rescinded
(c) compelled (d) conferred
PART - D
Instructions: The five paragraphs given below have all had their constituent
sentences jumbled. Read each jumbled passage carefully and then pick the
option in which the best sequence is shown and shade the appropriate answer
in the space provided for it on the OMR answer sheet.
Marks: Each question carries 1 (one) mark. (Total 5 marks)
26. UNIT I
i) The Supertag scanner could revolutionise the way people shop,
virtually eradicating supermarket queues;
ii) The face ofretailing will change even more rapidly when the fibre
optic networks being built by cable TV companies begin to be more widely
used;
iii) The scanner would have a double benefit for supermarkets -
removing the bottleneck which causes frustration to most
customers and reducing the number of checkout staff;
iv) An electronic scanner which can read the entire contents of a
supermarket trolley at a glance has just been developed.
The best sequence is:
(a) ii, i, iii, iv (b) iv, i, iii, ii (c) iv, iii i, i (d) iii, i, iv, ii
27. UNIT II

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i) Of course, modern postal services now are much more
sophisticated and faster, relying as they do on motor vehicles and planes
for delivery.
ii) Indeed, the ancient Egyptians had a system for sending letters
from about 2000 BC, as did the Zhou dynasty in China a thousand years
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later.
iii) Letters, were, and are, sent by some form of postal service, the
history of which goes back a long way.
iv) For centuries, the only form of written correspondence was the
letter.
The best sequence is:
(a) ii, i, iii, iv (b) iv, i, iii, ii (c) iv, iii, ii, i (d) iii, i, iv, ii
28. UNIT III
i) Converting money into several currencies in the course of one
trip can also be quite expensive, given that banks and bureaux de change
charge commission on the transaction.
ii) Trying to work out the value of the various notes and .coins can
be quite a strain, particularly if you are visiting more than one country.
iii) Travel can be very exciting, but it can also be rather complicated.
iv) One of these complications is, undoubtedly, foreign currency.
The best sequence is:
(a) ii, i, iii, iv (b) iv, i, iii, ii (C) iv, iii, ii, i (d) iii, iv, ii, i
29. UNIT IV
i) She was right about three-curiosity, freckles, and doubt-but
wrong about love.
ii) "Four of the things I'd be better without: Love, curiosity, freckles,
and doubt".
iii) Love is indispensable in life.
iv) So wrote Dorothy Parker, the American writer.
The best sequence is:
(a) ii, iv, i, iii (b) ii, i, iii, iv (C) ii, i, iv, iii (d) iii, iv, i, ii
30. UNIT V
i) This clearly indicates that the brains of men and women are
organised differently in the way they process speech.
ii) Difference in the way men and women process language is of
special interest to brain researchers.
iii) However, women are more likely than men to suffer aphasia
when the front part of the brain is damaged.
iv) It has been known that aphasia - a kind of speech disorder - is
more common in men than in women when the left side of the brain is
damaged in an accident or after a stroke.
The best sequence is:
(a) ii, i, iv, iii (b) iv, i, iii, ii (C) iv, iii, ii, i (d) ii, iv, iii, i
PART - E
Instructions: Given below are five list of words followed by some choices. In
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each case, choose the alternative that you can combine with every word in that
particular list to form a familiar word phrase and shade the appropriate
answer in the space provided for it on the OMR answer sheet.
Marks: Each question carries 1 (one) mark. (Total 5 marks)
31. Down, aside, about, forth
(a) set (b) fly (c) burn (d) take
32. Over, about, after, at
(a) cross (b) lay (c) here (d) go
33. Forward, across, around, upon
(a) straight (b) come (c) fast (d) mark
34. In, down, for, out
(a) pray (b) try (c) grow (d) stand
35. Away, through, up, down
(a) stray (b) come (c) break (d) speak
PART - F
Instructions: Given below are a few foreign language phrases that are
commonly used. Choose the correct meaning for each of the phrases and shade
the appropriate answer in the space provided for it on the OMR answer sheet.
Marla: Each question carries 1 (one) mark. (Total 5 marks)
36. Prima facie
(a) the most important (b) that which comes first
(c ) at first view (d) the face that is young
37. Sine die
(a) without setting a fixed day (b) by voice vote
(c) applying mathematical concepts to solve a difficult problem
(d) signing legal documents before death
38. Bona fide
(a) identification card (b) without doubt
(c) in good faith (d) indispensable condition
39. Status quo
(a) legally valid (b) present condition
(c) social position (d) side remarks
40. De jure
(a) here and there (b) as per law
(c) small details (d) in the same place

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SECTION - II: GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Instructions: From the four answers, shade the most appropriate answer in the
space provided for it on the OMR answer sheet.
Marks: Each question carries'/2 (half) mark. (Total 50 marks)
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41. The Supreme Court of India upheld the decision to implement the quota for
other backward glasses (OBCs) in higher educational institutions. The court,
however, excluded the "creamy layer" from being a beneficiary. The reason is:
(a) Creamy layer is not an OBC; it is a forward caste
(b) Creamy layer is politically powerful
(c) It can compete with others on equal footing
(d) The inclusion of creamy layer would be unjust
42. Hegde fund is a fund
(a)used for absorbing inflation
(b)used for cushioning health risks
(c )applied to minimize the risk of financial market transactions
(d) applied for absorbing the risk in commodity trading
43. What does strong Rupee as against the dollar mean to India ?
(a) There is a Balance of Payments surplus
(b) Indian economy is globally respected
(c) It is a sign of economic buoyancy
(d) Income from exports is falling
44. Name the latest State which declared independence in 2008
(a) Serbia (b) Kosovo (c) Kurdistan (d) Tibet.
45. Name the Finance Minister who presented the highest number of
Budgets in the parliament so far
(a) P. Chidambaram (b) Morarji Desai
(c) Manmohan Singh (d) T.T. Krishnamachari
46. Who is the Chairman of 13th Finance Commission constituted in 2007?
(a) Vijay Kelkar (b)C. Rangarajan (c) Ashok Lahiri (d) K.C. Pant
47. Indo-U.S. nuclear deal was opposed in Parliament mainly because
(a) all Indian nuclear reactors would fall under American supervision
(b) Nuclear energy sector will be dominated by American
corporations
(c) Nuclear relations between India and the U.S.A will be governed
by the Hyde Act
(d) The USA will dictate Indian policies
48. The Indian industrialist who bought Tippu Sultan's sword in an auction
in London was
(a) Vijay Mallya. (b) Anil Ambani (c)Amar Singh (d) Lakshmi
Mittel
49. The contentious Baglihar dam is built on the river
(a) Indus (b) Jheelum (c) Chenab (d) Satlez
50. Which country has its richest man as the head of the Government ?
(a) The USA (b) Italy (c) Saudi Arabia (d) Russia

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51. Who is the person known as the Father of Modern Indian Retail Trade ?
(a) Mukhesh Ambani (b) Kishore Biyani
(c) Aditya Birla (d) Anil Ambaaj,,
52. The largest software service company in Asia is
(a) WIPRO (b) INFOSYS
(c) Tata Consultancy Services (d) Satyam Computers
53. Taikonaut means
(a) a character in comic strips (b) a character in Russian opera
(c) astronaut in China (d) a delicious Japanese dish
54. The CEO of Microsoft Corporation is
(a) Bill Gates (b) Warren Buffett
(c) Steve Ballmer (d) John Wallace
55. The country which stands for Gross National Happiness in
contradistinction to Gross National Product
(a) Sweden (b) Switzerland (c) Bhutan (d) Finland
56. The highest paid head of the government in the world at present is in
(a) The USA (b) Russian Federation (c) Singapore (d)
Japan
57. The current impasse in Doha Round of Negotiations is centered around:
(a) access to cheaper drugs
(b) access to markets of developed countries
(c) agricultural subsidies provided by developed countries
(d) removal of non-tariff barriers
58. The phenomenon called "Equinox" is due to the
(a) rotation of the Earth on its own axis
(b) revolution of the Earth on its inclined axis
(c) oblate-spheroid shape of the Earth
(d) gravitational pull of the planet
59. The Director-General of the World Trade Organization is
(a) Renalto Ruggiero (b) Pascal Lamy
(c) Arthur Dunkell (d) Oliver Long
60. Capital account convertibility signifies
(a) guaranteeing the right to investment to foreigners
(b) ensuring the right of buyers to make international payments
(c) ensuring free international movement of capital
(d) ensuring the right of an individual to invest in foreign capital
markets
61. The purpose of Kyoto Protocol is
(a) to promote tourism
(b) to contribute sustainable development
(c) to promote renewable sources of energy
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(d) to put a limit on greenhouse gas emissions by states
62. What do carbon credits signify ?
(a) Credits given in the course of carbon products sales
(b) Entitlements to emit certain quantity of green house gases
(c) Permissible amount of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

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(d) The extent of carbon required to ensure sustainable development
63. The practice of selling goods in a foreign country at a price below their
domestic selling price is called
(a) discrimination (b) dumping (c) double pricing (d) predatory
pricing
64. Which of the following is considered as bulwark of personal freedom ?
(a) Mandamus (b)Habeus Corpus (c) Certiorari (d) Quo
Warranto
65. Vande Mataram is composed by
(a) Rabindranath Tagore (b) Sharatchandra Chatterji
(c) Bankimchandra Chatterjee (d) Surendranath Baneti
66. How many minutes for each degree of longitude does the local time of
any place vary from the Greenwich time ?
(a) Four minutes (b) Two minutes (c) Eight minutes (d) Ten
minutes
67. Article 1 of Indian Constitution defines India as
(a)Federal State (b) Unitary State
(c) Union of State (d) Quasi-Federal State
68. Which is the highest body that approves Five Year Plans in India ?
(a) Parliament (b) Planning Commission,
(c) National Development Council (d) Council of Ministers
69. The economist who for the first time scientifically determined national
income in India:
(a) Dr. D.R. Gadgil (b) Dr. V.K.R.V.
Rao
(c) Dr. Manmohan Singh (d) Dr. Y.V. Alagh
70. Which of the following is the largest peninsula in the world?
(a) Indian Peninsula (b) Arabian
Peninsula
(c) Malay Peninsula (d) Chinese
Peninsula
71. The person responsible for economic model for Indian Planning:
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru (b) P.C. Mahalanobis
(c) Tarlok Singh (d) V.T. Krishnamachari
72. Social Forestry aims at
(a) Ensuring fuel and forest produces to weaker sections
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(b) Medicinal and fruit plantation
(c) Large scale afforestation
(d) Scientific forestry
73. The Great Barrier Reef refers to
(a) Coral formation (b) Tidal waves
(c) Hill range (d) Man-made walls
74. A nautical mile is equal to
(a) 1825 metres (b) 2000 metres
(c) 1575 metres (d) 2050 metres
75. Which of the following is concerned with land forms?
(a)Geology (b) Geomorphology (c) Ecology (d) Geography

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76. The country known, as the Land of Midnight Sun
(a) , Sweden (b) Norway (c) Finland (d) Denmark
77. The monk who spread Buddhism in Tibet and Far-East:
(a) Ananda (b) Nagar una
(c) Padmasambava (d) Mahendra
78. TRIPS, forming part of the World Trade Organization is intended
(a) to provide for stronger patent protection
(b) to promote transnational corporate interests
(c) to harmonize IPR regime internationally
(d) to replace World Intellectual Property Organization
79. Carbon dating method is used to determine the age of
(a) Rocks (b) Fossils (c) Trees (d) Ancient monuments
80. The Managing Director of Delhi Metropolitan Railway Corporation
(a) Chairman of Indian Railway Board
(b) Lt. Governor of Delhi
(c) C. Sreedharan
(d) Sheela Dikshit
81. 18 carat gold signifies,
(a) 18 parts of gold and 82 parts of other metal
(b) 18 parts of gold and 6 parts of other metal
(c) 82 parts of gold and 18 parts of other metal
(d) None of the above
82. Bali Road map adopted in December 2007 provides for
(a) fixation of greenhose gas emission limits
(b) launching of an adaptation fund
(c) amendment to UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(d) special and differential treatment for developing countries
83. Enriched uranium, used in a nuclear reactor, is
(a) uranium freed of all impurities (b) uranium treated with radiation
(c) uranium mixed with isotopes (d) uranium alloy with aluminium
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84. The scientist responsible for developing atomic energy in India
(a) C.V. Raman (b) H.J. Bhabha
(c) H.K. Sethna (d) Vikram Surabhai
85. Salwa Judum practised in certain places in India refers to
(a) witchcraft
(b) arming civilians to fight militants
(c) training civilians in the use of fire arms
(d) training civilians to be home guards
86. Indian who won Raman Magasaysay award in 2007:
(a) Arun Roy (b) P. Sainath (c) Medha Patkar (d) Ruth
Manorama
87. The person who won Jawaharlal Nehru award in 2007:
(a) Lula de Silva (b) Hugo Chavez
(c) Aung Saan Suu Ki (d) Fidel Castro
88. Free Trade Area means:
(a) the area where anything can be bought and sold
(b) Countries between whom trade barriers have been substantially

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reduced
(c) countries which have common external tariff
(d) countries which have common currency
89. Affirmative action in Indian context signifies :
(a) providing security to weaker sections
(b) welfare measures to alleviate the sufferings of poor people
(c) providing positive opportunities to deprived sections
(d) giving incentives to start industries
90. Special Economic zones are
(a) the places where industries can operate without any control
(b) the places wherein any person can start any industry
(c) the places where industries get certain tax advantages
(d) the places wherein the national labour laws do not apply
91. The space shuttle which successfully carried Sunita Williams to space:
(a) Challenger (b) Atlantis
(c) Discovery (d) Columbus
92. The leader who led the country in atoning for the past wrongs:
(a) John Howard (b) Desmond Tutu
(c) Kevin Rudd (d) Jimmy Carter
93. Gandhiji expounded his economic ideas in
(a) Hind Swaraj (b) My Experiments with
Truth
(c) Unto the Last (d) Economics of
Permanence
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94. Bio-fuels have become controversial because,
(a)they increase environmental pollution
(b)they slowdown
industrialization
(c)they reduce food cultivation
(d)they lead to degeneration of soil
95. Ever greening of patents means
(a) granting patents in perpetuity
(b) granting patents for 100 years
(c) granting protection to incremental inventions having no
substantial significance
(d) patenting of green technology
96. By signing which pact with Gandhiji did Ambedkar give up his demand
for separate electorates:
(a) Poona Pact (b) Aligarh Pact (c) Deccan Pact (d)
Delhi Pact
97. India earns maximum foreign exchange from the export of
(a) Garments (b) Jute
(c) Gems and Jewelleries (d) Light engineering goods
98. Sunita Williams, renowned astronaut of Indian origin, spent a record of
days in space
(a) 195 (b) 185 (c) 200 (d) 160
99. The second biggest greenhouse gas emitter (after the USA) in the world

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is :
(a) Russia (b) Germany (c) China (d) , JaDan
100. The author of the management principle - In a hierarchy, every employee
tends to rise to his level of incompetence
(a) Prof. Ducker (b) Prof. J. Peter
(c) Prof. C.H. Prahlad (d) Prof. Schmitthoff
101. The World Trade Organization was earlier known as
(a) UNCTAD (b) GATT (c) UNIDO (d) UNCITRAL
102. The "wailing wall" is associated with
(a) Christians (b) Bahais (c) Jews (d) Shias
103. An Education Minister who got Bharata Ratna in India
(a) G.B. Pant (b) M.C. Chagla
(c) Abul Kalam Azad (d) Humayun Kabir
104. Why is Ozone Layer important ?
(a) It absorbs greenhouse gases
(b) It protects Earth from ultraviolet radiation
(c) It maintains Earth's temperature
(d) It is a buffer against extra-terrestrial hazards
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105. The World's largest river is
(a) Brahmaputra (b) Amazon (c) Nile (d)
Mississippi
106. Tsunami is caused by
(a) plate tectonics (b) underwater ridges
(c) underwater volcanic activity (d) pressure from Earth's
core
107. The Chipko movement is associated with
(a) preventing the felling of trees (b) afforestation
(c) transparency in public life (d) sustainable
development
108. The first Great Indian Empire was
(a) Magadha Empire (b) Kuru Empire
(c) Pandava Empire (d) Gandhara Empire
109. The first President of Indian National Congress
(a) A.O. Hume (b) W.C. Banerji
(c) Dadabhai Nauroji (d) Phirozeshah Mehta
110. The King who gave permission to establish East India Company in India
(a) Jahangir (b) Aurangzeb
(c) Shahjahan (d) Shershah
111. The person who conceptualized the idea of Pakistan
(a) M.A. Jinnah (b) Hakim Azmal Khan
(c) Mohammad Iqbal (d) Liaqusat Ali Khan
112. Khilafat movement was organized
(a) for getting Muslim Homeland
(b) as a protest against British suppression of Turks
(c) to preserve Turkish Empire with Khilafat as temporal head
(d) as a protest against communal politics
113. The pattern of Centre-State relations in India can be traced back to

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(a) The U.S. Constitution
(b) The Government of India Act, 1935
(c) Motilal Nehru Committee Report
(d) Ambedkar's vision
114. Indian who played a very important role in World Communist Movement?
(a) Jyoti Basu (b) M.N. Roy
(c) A.K. Gopalan (d) Prakash Karat
115. Who was the first recipient of Jnanapith award?
(a) Amrita Pritam (b) Dinkar
(c) D.V. Gundappa (d) G. Shankara Kurup
116. Name the winner of 2007 Nobel Prize for Literature
(a) Dorris Lessing (b) V.S. Naipaul
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(c) Doras Lessing (d) Salman Raushdie
117. Plea bargaining is
(a) permissible in India (b) illegal in India
(c) mandatory in India (d) allowed subject to the
permission of the court
118. The person appointed by two parties to settle a dispute is known as:
(a) Judge (b) Arbitrator (c) Solicitor (d)
Conciliator
119. Right to travel is a fundamental right under
(a) Article 19 of the Constitution
(b) Article 21 of the Constitution
(c) Article 14 of the Constitution
(d) None of the above
120. Genetically modified seeds have become controversial mainly because of
(a) adverse impact on human health
(b) adverse impact on flora around
(c) adverse impact on ozone layer
(d) emission of greenhouse gases
121. Legal aid for an accused is
(a) Fundamental right (b) legal right
(c) Directive Principles of State Policy (d) Discretion of State
122. The members of Constituent Assembly who framed the Constitution were:
(a) directly elected by the people (b) indirectly elected
(c) nominated (d) appointed by political
parties
123. Ambedkar acted in Constituent Assembly as:
(a) President of the Assembly
(b) Chairman of the Drafting Committee
(c) the leading spokesman of weaker sections
(d) a strong defender of fundamental rights
124. In India, international treaties are ratified by
(a) Parliament (b) President (c) Prime Minister (d) The Union
Cabinet
125. It is a constitutional requirement that the Parliament shall meet at least
(a) twice in a year (b) thrice in a year

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(c) once in a year (d) none of the above
126. Governor of a State can be removed by
(a) impeachment by State Legislature
(b) the President
(c) by the State Cabinet
(d) the Union Government at the
47
request of the Chief Minister
127. Sovereignty under the Constitution belongs to
(a) the Parliament (b) the People
(c) the Supreme Court (d the President along
with
Parliament
128. The Supreme Court upheld Mandal Commission Report in
(a) Bommai v. Union of India
(b) Indra Sawhney v. Union of India
(c) Unnikrishnan v. Union of India
(d) Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India
129. Under our Constitution, right to property is
(a) fundamental right
(b) basic structure of the Constitution
(c) Constitutional right
(d) a mere legal right
130. The Chairman of Sixth Pay Commission
(a) Justice B.N. Srikrishna (b) Justice Ratnavel
Pandian
(c) Justice Jagannatha Shetty (d) Justice A.K. Majumdar
131. Right to education emanates from:
(a) right to culture and education under Articles 29 and 30
(b) right to equality under Article 14
(c) freedom of speech & expression under Article 19
(d) right to life and personal liberty under Article 21
132. International Court of Justice is:
(a) an independent international institution
(b) a principal organ of the U.N.O.
(c) a subsidiary organ of the U.N.O.
(d) an European Institution
133. The Liberhan Commission which received repeated extensions has been
inquiring into:
(a) Godhra riots (b) Mumbai riot
(c) demolition of Babri Masjid
(d) killing of Sikhs in Delhi
134 The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act was repealed by:
(a)Competition Act
(b)Consumer Protection Act
(c)Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act
(d)Liberalization Policy of the Government
135. Only Judge against whom a motion of impeachment was introduced into

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48
Parliament
(a) Justice Subba Rao (b) Justice Ramaswami
(c) Justice Mahajan (d) Justice Viraswami
136. The Mallimath Committee Report deals with:
(a) judicial delays in India
(b) criminal justice administration
(c) stock market reforms
(d) review of Constitutional system
137. The first Woman Chief Justice of High Court in India
(a) Leila Mukherii (b) Leila Seth
(c) Fatima Bibi (d) Ruma Pal
138. Lok Adalats have been created under:
(a) Legal Services Authority Act
(b) Arbitration and Conciliation Act
(c) Administration of Justice Act
(d) None of the above
139. Recent Nepal elections are globally significant because
(a) Communists came to power through ballot box for the first time
in the world
(b) Monarchy was defeated by democratic forces
(c) A militant movement joined the mainstream
(d) Secularism triumphed over theocracy
140. The Third World leader who has been defying the U.S. A:
(a) Fidel Castro (b) Hugo Chavez (c) Robert Mughabe (d) Hu
Jintao

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SECTION - III
MATHEMATICAL ABILITY
Instructions: From the four answers given, shade the appropriate answer in the
space provided for it on the OMR answer sheet.
Marks: Each question carries 2 (two) marks. (Total 20 marks)
141. Raju earns twice as much in March as in each of the other months of the
year. What part of his annual earnings he earns in that month?
(a) 1/5 (b) 5/7
(c) 2/13 (d) 1/10
142. Sanjay sold his watch for Rs. 1140 and thereby loses 5%. In order to
gain 5% he has to sell the watch for
(a) Rs. 1254 (b) Rs. 1260
49
(c) Rs. 1197 (d) Rs. 1311
143. A mixture of 40 litres of milk and water contains 10% of water. How
much water is to be added to the mixture so that the water may be 20% in the
new mixture.
(a) 5 Litres (b) 4 Litres
(c) 6.5 Litres (d) 7.5 Litres
144. A train 100 meters long running at 54 km/hr takes 20 seconds to pass a
bridge. The length of the bridge is
(a) 50 mt (b) 150 mt
(c) 200 mt (d) 620 mt
145. Sameer is as much younger to Mohan as he is older to Arun. If the sum of
the ages of Mohan and Arun is 48, the age of Sameer is
(a) 20 years (b) 24 years
(c) 30 years (d) cannot be determined
146. A tank can be filled up by two pipes A and B in 2 hours and 3 hours
respectively. A third pipe C can empty the full tank in 6 hours. If all the taps
can be turned on at the same time, the tank will be full in
(a) 1 hour (b) 40 minutes
(c) 1.5 hours (d) 3 hours
147. Of the three numbers, the first is one third of the second and twice the
third. The average of these numbers is 27. The largest of these numbers is
(a) 18 (b) 36
(c) 54 (d) 108
148. The length of a square is increased by 15% and breadth decreased by
15%. The area of the rectangle so formed is
(a) neither increases nor decreases (b) decreases by 2.25%
(c) increases by 2.25% (d) decreases by 22.5%
149. The ratio of milk and water in 60 Litres of adulterated milk is 2: 1. If the
ratio of milk and water is to be 1 : 2, then the amount of water to be added
further is
(a) 20 Litres (b) 30 Litres

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(c) 40 Litres (d) 60 Litres
150. A piece of cloth costs Rs. 70. If the piece is 4 metre longer and each
metre costs Rs. 2 less, the cost remains unchanged. The length of the piece is
(a) 8 mt (b) 9 mt
(c) 10 mt (d) 12 mt

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SECTION – IV
LOGICAL REASONING
50
Instructions: Read carefully the questions and shade the appropriate answer in
the space provided for it on the OMR answer sheet.
Marks: Each question carries 2 (two) marks. (Total 50 marks)
151. A college received fifty applications fora certain course. In the qualifying
examination, one-tenth of them secured marks in 90-95% range. Within
remaining segment, three-fifths of them secured marks in 75-90% range. The
rest secured below 75%. To get admission, the following restrictions hold good
i) No student who has scored below 75% can seek admission to Physics
course.
ii) No student is allowed to opt Physics without opting Mathematics.
iii) No student is allowed to opt Physics and Astrophysics simultaneously.
iv) To opt Mathematics or Astrophysics, a student should have scored at
least 70% in the qualifying examination.
Which one of the following alternatives is possible ?
(a) Ninety percent of the applicants are admitted to Physics course.
(b) Thirty-five percent of the applicants who are otherwise ineligible
to join Physics course are admitted to Mathematics and Astrophysics
course.
(c) Students of Physics course outnumber those of Mathematics.
(d) Whoever is eligible to study Mathematics is also eligible to study
Physics.
152. A tourist can tour utmost four places out of A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Out
of four, not more than two can come under holiday tour and at least two must
come under business trip. The break up is as follows :
A, B C and D - Business tour E, F and G - Holiday tour.
The following restrictions hold good.
A) If A is included, then both C and G are excluded.
B) If neither E nor F is included, then B or G or both of them can be
included.
C) If G is included, then D cannot be included.
Which one of the following combinations is possible ?
(a) A, C, E and F (b) B, G and E
(c) A, D and G (d) A, B and D
153. Under the same fact situation as above, suppose that the following
restrictions hold good:
A) A can be included provided C is included.
B) E is included provided B or G is included but not both.
51
C) C can be included provided at least D or F is excluded.

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Which one of the following is a certainty ?
(a) A, B, C, & E (b) A, C, D & F
(c) B, C, D & E (d) A,B,C&F
154. Four members have to be nominated to a Committee and there are six
candidates: A, B, C, D, E and F. The following restrictions hold good :
A) If A is nominated, then D does not find any place.
B) If B is nominated, then either E or F has to be nominated, but not
both.
C) If C is nominated, then both D and E have to be nominated.
Which one of the following is an acceptable combination ?
(a) A, B, C and E (b) A, B, C and D
(c) B, C, D and E (d) B, C, D and F
155. Political turmoil in a country is mainly caused by widespread violence and
flawed economic policies of successive governments. If at all this has to be
crushed, it can be achieved only by a dictatorial government which rules with
iron hand. Therefore, the need of the hour is to elect a government which
imposes fresh set of stringent legislations.
The alternatives suggested (not necessarily all), if true, considerably weaken
the argument. However, one of them is most forceful. Identify the same.
(a) It is not the imposition of new legislations which is required, but
effective adherence to the existing legislations.
(b) That government is the best government which governs least.
(c) It is possible to overcome any evil by educating people.
(d) Only dialogue in a free society can eradicate political turmoil.
156. Under the same fact situation as above, the alternatives suggested (not
necessarily all), if true, significantly strengthen the argument. However, one of
them is most forceful. Identify the same.
(a) Espionage activities by enemy nations, which contribute to
political turmoil, can be prevented only if the government is very strong.
(b) The philosophy behind any economic policy, 'push from bottom,
press from top' is to be followed to mitigate violence, and it is not
observed.
(c) Political turmoil is due to corrupt establishment.
(d) Man is, by nature, a beast. 19
157. Exploitation of poor by rich can be stemmed only if the state exercises
complete control over agriculture and industrial production. But state control is
52
beset by two evils ; corruption and delay. The net result is that if man tries to
escape from one evil, then he is trapped by another. Suffering, hence, is
inescapable.
The argument presented above seems to imply the following conclusions.
Identify the one which is least dubious. Apply common sense.
(a) If agriculture and industrial production can be abolished, we can
free ourselves from all forms of evil

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(b) To avoid evil austere life shall be encouraged
(c) The gap between poor and rich can be bridged by heavily taxing
the rich and passing on the largesse to the poor
(d) Man is, by nature, dishonest.
158. That the human soul is immaterial is an undisputed fact. Significantly,
what is not matter is not spatial and consequently, it is not vulnerable to
motion. Evidently, no motion no dissolution. What escapes from dissolution is
also free from corruptibility.
Therefore, the human soul is immortal. In this argument, one premiss is
missing. Complete the argument by choosing from the following :
(a) Nothing is free from dissolution
(b) What is incorruptible is immortal
(c) There is no motion
(d) Matter does not exist
159. Under the same fact situation as above, which one of the following, if
true, affects seriously the argument presented above ?
(a) Matter is not bound by space
(b) Matter is indestructible
(c) Whatever exists is not necessarily affected by motion.
(d) What is not matter also is vulnerable to motion.
160. Protagonists of human rights vehemently oppose capital punishment.
Their opposition stems mainly from three reasons. Firstly, man cannot
terminate what he cannot generate. Secondly, the function of punishment is to
reform the culprit. Thirdly, a culprit should be given an opportunity to repent.
Admittedly, death penalty fails on all three counts. However, the defenders
argue that a person is punished because he has to pay for his deeds.
Reformation or repentance, according to them, is peripheral. Hence, death
penalty is admissible.
Which one of the following is the focus of this debate ?
(a) Man's rights and privileges
(b) Nature and purpose of punishment
(c) Prevention of crime
53
(d) Mercy and revenge
161. Since Venus rotates slowly, Fred Whipple thought that like Mercury,
Venus keeps one face always towards the Sun. If so, he said that the dark side
would be very cold. However, he knew with the help of earlier study carried
out by Petit and Nicholson that it was not the case. So, he concluded that the
planet must rotate fairly often to keep the darker side warmer.
Which of the following is the original premiss ?
(a) Slow rotation of Venus
(b) Temperature of Venus.
(c) Frequent rotation of Venus
(d) Equality of the rate of rotation and
revolution..

[Raman Vij]

162. Before formulating the laws of motion, Galileo distinguished between

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mathematical study and empirical study. He, first, theoretically derived the
relation between distances and times for uniformly accelerating motion by
letting the ball roll a quarter, then half, then two-thirds and so on of the length
of the groove and then measured the times on each occasion, which he repeated
hundred times. He calculated, based on this study, that the distance travelled
equalled the
Which one of the following characterizes Galileo's method?
(a) Speculation (b) Theoretical analysis
(c) Generalization (d) Statistical analysis
163. Read carefully a brief summary of one of the investigations of Sherlock
Holmes : "While investigating the murders of Stangerson and Enoch Drebber
he got into conversation with fellow detectives which runs as follows : "The
last link My case is complete.... Could you lay your hands upon those
pills". After he got those pills, Holmes cut one of them, dissolved it in water
and placed it in front of the terrier. Contrary to his expectations, the animal
survived. Though disappointed a bit, he thought fora while and then cut the
other pill, dissolved it, added milk and placed before the animal. The moment it
licked, the animal died. Those were the pills present at the scenes of crime.
Which one of the following aptly describes the method which this passage
indicates ?
(a) Imagination (b) Experiment
(c) Observation (d) Thought experiment
164. There has been much speculation concerning the origin of lunar craters.
One hypothesis is that they are the results of the impact of heavy meteors on
the surface of the moon while still soft. The most probable explanation is that
they were produced by the gases liberated from the rocky matter. 'While
solidification was taking place these gases and water vapors steadily escaped
through viscous surface, raising giant bubbles. The reader can easily visualize
54
the process that took place by watching frying of pancakes
and noticing the formation of bubbles and craters on their surface.
Which one of the following actually helps us to determine the origin of lunar
craters ?
(a) Analogy (b) Study of foreign body
(c) Course and effect relation (d) Speculation
165. "Perhaps the earliest work of Archimedes that we have is that on 'Plane
Equilibrium'. In this, some fundamental principles of mechanics are set forth as
rigorous geometric propositions. The work opens with famous postulate 'Equal
weights at equal distances are in equilibrium; equal weights at unequal
distances are not in equilibrium, but incline toward the weight at the greater
distance".
According to this passage, which factor or factors determine equilibrium ?
(a) weight (b) distance
(c) weight & distance (d) equality of weights & distances
166. According to the above passage, which one of the following values can be
assigned to the statement 'inequal weights at equal distances are in
disequilibrium?
(a) true (b) false

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(c) highly probable (d) highly improbable
167. According to the above passage, which one of the following values can be
assigned to the statement 'inequal weights at inequal distances are in
disequilibrium' ?
(a) true (b) false
(c) uncertain (d) unverifiable
168. 'Gregor Mendel in examining tea-plants found two sharply marked
races, the tall and the short. He experimentally fertilized flowers of tall plants
with pollen of short. The off spring were tall plants. He next let the flowers of
this first generation be fertilized with their own pollen. In the following
generation, shortness reappeared. Tallness and shortness were distributed not at
random but in a definite, constant, and simple ratio: three dominant tails to one
recessive short'. Which one of the following aptly describes the distribution of
dominant and recessive characteristics ?
(a) systematic (b) equal interval
(c) unpredictable (d) irregular interval'
169. It is said that in his strongly worded reaction to quantum Physics,.
Einstein remaxks, 'God does not play dice' to which Bohr, another great
physicist, reacted saying 'Do not tell Godwhat to do'. Bohr, earlier had argued
that we can never know what the properties of an isolated quantum system,
though we can know theproperties of macrocosmic objects.
Which one of the following is the focus of their debate ?
55
(a) the behaviour of God
(b) probabilistic interpretation of the behaviour of quantum object,
(c) limits of human knowledge
(d) irrelevance of microcosmic object
170. An efficient and diesel-independent public transport. system is essential
to the economic development of nation. Suppose that the government adopts a
policy to that effect then there is another favourable. result. The pollution of
environment is reduced to -a greater extent. But, then it has two-pronged
backlash. The sale and consequently the production of two and four wheelers
reduce to the minimum which in turn render a large number of people j obless.
Cash flow to the treasury, also is adversely affected. Such a step, therefore, Js
self-defeating unless the government evolves a counter-strategy to nullify the
adverse effects.
Which one of the following accurately projects the opinion of an imaginary
speaker or author as the case may be of this passage ?
(a) Abandon the idea of efficient and diesel-independent public
transport system
(b) Ensure sustained cash flow and create better job opportunities by
inventing an alternate or more than one alternate
(c) Public transport system shall be given up
(d) Maintain production and sale at the same level by offering
incentives
171. A moot question to be considered is whether democratic form of
government is a boon or bane, no matter what Lincoln might or might not have
said. Rather his most (in ?) famous adage, 'by the people, for the people and of

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the people' misses the most pertinent question; which. attitude works behind
when a person declares that heis a (or the right ?) candidate to serve the people,
and does not hesitate to contest and fight tooth and nail the election, an
euphemism for battle with or without bullets. Admittedly, the covert attitude is
different from overt attitude. Hardly any one contests the election unwillingly.
A contestant is not persuaded by any one, but driven by his own passions and
dubious motives. Contrast this picture with Socrates' version ; no honest man
willingly takes up the job of ruler. If at all he accepts, he does so for fear of
being ruled by one made up of inferior mettle. It is beyond even the wildest
imagination, to expect an honest person to contest the election.
Assuming that every statement is true, identify from among the given
alternatives the one which strictly follows from the passage.
(a) No assessment or appraisal of democracy is possible
(b) Lincoln and Socrates are talking differently
(c) Actually, Socrates scores over Lincoln on this issue
(d) Rulers can be honest
56
172. According to the above passage, which one of the following correctly
differentiates L'incoin Is and Socrates' analyses ?
(a) the nature of democracy
(b) merits and demerits of politicians
(c) qualities of election
(d) difference in mind set of
respective men
173. Many environmentalists either adopt double standard or do not know what
they are talking about. A protagonist of environment, for obvious reasons,
ought not to bat for any type of progress because progress without meddling
with nature is a myth. But none can live without scientific and technological
advance which has singularly made progress possible.. Furthermore,
environment includes not just forest wealth and hills, but, animal wealth also.
An honest environmentalist is obliged to address the following questions. First,
should man in the interest of hygiene, kill any living being be it an insect
purported to be harmful or stray
dogs ? After all,this world does not belong to man alone.
Which one of the following runs counter to the spirit of the passage ?
(a) In the interest of health and cleanliness, our surroundings must be
from disease-spreading bacteria
(b) Non-violence as a moral principle extends to all living creatures
(c) Vegetarian food is ideal to all men
(d) Man should protect his environment because he has to live
174. Does our society need reservation in job ? Before we defend reservation,
we must consider some issues. Why do we need reservation? Obviously,
reservation is required to lift the downtrodden and thereby achieve equality.
How do you achieve this? Every individual, without exception, has a right to
receive quality education. It is more so in the case of downtrodden people.
Only a good-natured meritorious teacher can impart quality education. Suppose
that a person who is neither good natured nor meritorious becomes a teacher
thanks to reservation system. Then generations of students suffer.

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Suppose that there is some merit in this argument. Then which of the following
aptly describes the fall-out of this argument?
(a) Reservation is individual - centric, but not group - centric
(b) Reservation, in at least one field, is self-defeating
(c) The argument is biased
(d) Education is not required to uplift the downtrodden
175. Under the same fact situation as above, which one of the following helps
you to circumvent the situation?
(a) Replace education with money and make poor rich
(b) To achieve equality encourage inter-caste marriage
57
(c) Only downtrodden people should form the government
(d) Identify good natured and meritorious people within
downtrodden group to make them teachers

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SECTION - V
LEGAL REASONING
PART - A
Instructions: Each question contains some basic principles and fact situation in
which these basic principles have to be applied. A list of probable decisions
and reasons are given.
You have to choose a decision with reasons specified by shading the
appropriate
answer in the space provided for it on the OMR answer sheet.
Marks: Each question carries 3 (three) marks. (Total 30 marks)
176. Principles
1) On the death of husband, the widow shall inherit the property of her
deceased husband along with children equally.
2) A widow can not claim the property of the deceased if on the date when
the question of succession opens, she has remarried.
3) A female acquiring property in any way has the absolute title to the
property.
Apply the above three principles and decide the case of the following fact
situation:
Facts : When Sudhir died, he had 1/3rd share of the family property, which the
three brothers Rudhir, Sudhir and Yasu inherited from their father, B.
Sudhir died on September 23' 2006 without having any issue. The widow of
Sudhir,
Ms. Win remarried on January 1, 2007.
Rudhir and Yasu refused 'Win' the share from Sudhir's portion when Win
claimed the entire property belonging to Sudhir on January 30, 2007.
Select your decision from the possible decisions given in list 1 and the
appropriate reason from the indicated reasons given in list H given below:
List I - Decisions
(a) Win cannot inherit the property of Sudhir
(b) Win can inherit the property of Sudhir
List II - Reasons
i) Win does not belong to the family
ii) Win was remarried
58
iii) Her claim was on the date of Sudhir's death
iv) Her claim was submitted after she was remarried
Your decision and reason
Shade the right decision with reason from the following
(a) (a) (i) (b) (a) (ii) (c) (b) (iii) (d) (b) (i)
177. Principles:
1) If a person commits an act by which death is caused to another person
and the act is done with the intention of causing death, that person is liable for
murder.

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2) A person has a right of self defense to the extent of causing death to
another provided he apprehends death by the act of the latter.
Facts
Shuva went to a hardware shop owned by Anup. Bargaining on some item led
to altercation between the two and Shuva picked up a sharp object and hit at
Anup. When Anup started bleeding, his wife Mridula intervened and she was
also hit by Shuva and she became unconscious. Finding himself totally
cornered, Anup delivered a severe blow to Shuva with a sharp object. Shuva
died instantly.
Possible decisions
a) Anup murdered Shuva.
b) Anup killed Shuva with the intention of killing to save himself and his
wife
C) Anup killed Shuva without any intention to do so just to save himself
and
his wife
Probable reasons for the decision
i) If a person kills another i stantly on the spot, the intention to kill is
obvious.
ii) Anup used force apprehending death of himself and his wife.
ill) Anup used disproportionate force.
iv) There was nothing to show that Shuva wanted to kill Anup or his wife.
Your decision with the reason
(a) (a) (i) (b) (a) (iii) (c) (c) (ii) (d) (b) (i)
178. Principles:
1) Consumable goods which are not fit for consumption are not
marketable.
2) A consumer shall not suffer on account of unmarketable goods.
3) A seller is liable for knowingly selling unmarketable goods.
4) A manufacturer shall be liable for the quality of his products.
Facts
59
Ram bought a Coca Cola bottle from Shama's shop. Back at home, the server
opened the bottle and poured the drink into the glasses of Ram and his friend
Tom. As Tom started drinking, he felt irritation in his throat. Immediately, Ram
and Tom took the sample to test and found nitric acid in the content. Ram filed
a suit against Shama, Coca Cola company and the bottler, Kishen and Co.
Suggested Decisions
(a) Ram cannot get compensation
(b) Tom can get compensation
(c) Both Ram and Tom can get compensation
Suggested Reasons
i) Shama did not know the contents of sealed bottle.
ii) Ram did not actually suffer though he bought the bottle.
iii) Tom did not buy the bottle.
iv) Coca Cola company is responsible since it supplied the concentrate.
v) Kishen & Co, is responsible since it added water, sugar, etc., and sealed
the bottle.

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vi) Shama is responsible for selling the defective product.
Your decision with the reason
(a) (a) (ii) (b) (b) (vi) (c) (c) (v) (d) (c) (iv)
179. Principles
1. If A is asked to do something by B, B is responsible for the act, not A.
2. If A, while acting for B commits a wrong, A is responsible for the
wrong,
not B.
3. If A is authorised to do something for B, but in the name of A without
disclosing B's presence, both A and B may be held liable.
Facts
Somu contracted with Amar whereunder Amar would buy a pumpset to be used
in Somu's farm. Such a pumpset was in short supply in the market. Gulab, a
dealer, had such a pumpset and he refused to sell it to Amar. Amar threatened
Gulab of serious consequences if he fails to part with the pumpset. Gulab filed
a complaint against Amar.
Proposed Decision
(a) Amar alone is liable for the wrong though he acted for Somu.
(b) Amar is not liable for the wrong, though he is bound by the contract
with
Somu.
(c) Somu is bound by the contract and liable for the wrong.
(d) Both Somu and Amar are liable for the wrong.
Suggested Reasons
i) Amar committed the wrong while acting for the benefit of Somu.
60
ii) Amar cannot do while acting for Somu something which he cannot do
while acting for himself.
iii) Both Amar and Somu are liable since they are bound by the contract.
iv) Somu has to be responsible for the act of Amar committed for Somu's
benefit.
Your decision with the reason
(a) (a) (i) (b) (a) (ii) (c) (d) (d) (iv)
180. Principles
1. The owner of a land has absolute interest on the property including the
contents over and under the property.
2. Water flowing below your land is not yours though you can use it.
3. Any construction on your land belongs to you.
4. All mineral resources below the land belongs to the State.
Facts
There is a subterranean water flow under Suresh's land surface. Suresh
constructed a huge reservoir and drew all subterranean water to the reservoir.
As a result, the wells of all adjacent property owners have gone dry. They
demanded that either Suresh must demolish the reservoir or share the reservoir
water with them.
Proposed Decision
(a) Suresh need not demolish the reservoir.
(b) Suresh has to demolish the reservoir.

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(c) Suresh has to share the water with his neighbours.
(d) The Government can take over the reservoir.
Possible reasons
i) Water cannot be captured by one person for his personal use.
ii) The Government must ensure equitable distribution of water.
iii) Whatever is under Suresh's land may be used by him.
iv) Suresh has to respect the rights of others regarding water.
Your decision with the reason
(a) (a) (iii) (b) (b) (i) (c) (c) (iv) (d) (d) (ii)
181. Principles
1. An employer shall be liable for the wrongs committed by his employees
in the course of employment.
2. Third parties must exercise reasonable care to find out whether a person
is actually acting in the course of employment.
Facts
Nandan was appointed by Syndicate Bank to collect small savings from its
customers spread over in different places on daily basis. Nagamma, a
housemaid, was one of such 'customers making use of Nandan's service.
Syndicate Bank after a couple of years terminated Nandan's service. Nagamma,
61
unaware of this fact, was handing over her savings to Nandan who
misappropriated them. Nagamma realised this nearly after three months, when
she went to the Bank to withdraw money. She filed a complaint against the
Bank.
Possible Decision
(a) Syndicate Bank shall be liable to compensate Nagamma.
(b) Syndicate Bank shall not be liable to compensate Nagamma.
(c) Nagamma has to blame herself for her negligence.
Possible Reasons
i) Nandan was not acting in the course of employment after the
termination of
his service.
ii) A person cannot blame others for his own negligence.
iii) Nagamma was entitled to be informed by the Bank about Nandan.
iv) The Bank is entitled to expect its customers to know actual position.
Your decision with the reason
(a) (b) (i) (b) . (c) (ii) (c) (a) (iii) (d) (b) (iv)
182. Principles:-
1. A master shall be liable for the fraudulent acts of his servants committed
in
the course of employment.
2. Whether an act is committed in the course of employment has to be
judged
in the context of the case.
3. Both master and third parties must exercise reasonable care in this
regard.
Facts
Rama Bhai was an uneducated widow and she opened a'S.B. account with

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Syndicate Bank with the help of her nephew by name Keshav who was at that
time working as a clerk in the Bank. 'Keshav used to deposit the money of
Rama Bhai from time to time'and get the entries -done in the passbook. After a
year or so, Keshav was dismissed from the service by the, Bank. Being
unaware of this fact, Rama Bhai continued to hand over her savings to him and
Keshav misappropriated them. Rama Bhai realised this only when Keshav
disappeared from, the scene one day and she sought compensation from the
Bank.
Possible Decisions
a) Syndicate Bank shall be liable to compensate Rama Bhai.
b) Syndicate Bank shall not be liable to compensate Rama Bhai.
C) Rama Bhai cannot blame others for her negligence.
Possible Reasons
62
i) Keshav was not an employee of the Bank when the fraud" was
committed.
ii) The Bank was not aware of the special arrangement between Rama Bhai
and Keshay.
iii) It is the Bank's duty to take care of vulnerable customers.
iv) Rama Bhai should have checked about Keshav in her own interest.
Your decision with the reason
(a) (a) (iii) (b) (c) (iv) (c) (b) (ii) (d) (b) (i)
183. Principles
1. A person is liable for negligence, if he fails to take care of his
neighbour's
interest.
2. A neighbour is anyone whose interests should have been foreseeable by
a
reasonable man while carrying on his activities.
Facts
A cricket match was going on in a closed door stadium. A cricket fan who
could not get into the stadium was watching the game by climbing up a nearby
tree and sitting there. The cricket ball in the course of the game went out of the
stadium and hit this person and injured him. He filed a suit against the
organizers.
Possible Decisions
(a) The organizers are liable to compensate the injured person.
(b) The organizers are not liable to compensate the injured person'
(c) The injured person should have avoided the place where he might be hit
by
the cricket ball.
Possible Reasons
i) The organizers are responsible for the people inside the stadium.
ii) The organizers could not have foreseen somebody watching the game by
climbing up a tree.
iii) A person crazy about something must pay the price for that.
iv) The organizers shall be liable to everybody likely to watch the game.

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Your decision with the reason
(a) (a) (iv) (b) (a) (iii) (c) (b) (ii) (d) (c) (i)
184. Principles
1. When a person unlawfully interferes in the chattel of another person by
which the latter is deprived of its use, the former commits the tort of
conversion.
2. Nobody shall enrich himself at other's expense,
63
Facts
A patient suffering from stomach ailment approached. a teaching hospital. He,
was.diagnosed as suffering from appendicitis and his appendix was removed.
He became alright. The hospital however found some unique cells in the
appendix and using the cell lines thereof, it developed drugs of enormous
commercial value. When the erstwhile patient came to know about it, he
claimed a share in the profit made by the hospital.
Possible decisions
a) The hospital need not share its profits with the patient.
b) The hospital may share its profits on ex gratis basis.
C) The hospital shall share its profits with the patient.
Possible Reasons
i) The patient, far from being deprived of the use of his appendix, actually
benefitted by its removal.
ii) The hospital instead of throwing away the appendix conducted further
research on it on its own and the development of drug was the result of its own
effort.
iii) The hospital could not have achieved its success without that appendix
belonging to the patient.
iv) Everybody must care for and share with others.
Your decision with the reason
(a) (a) (i) (b) (a) (ii) (c) (c) (iii) (d) (c) (iv)
185. Principles
1. Copying including attempt to copy in examinations is a serious offence.
2. One shall not take any unauthorised materials into the examination hall.
Facts
Rohini, an examinee in PUC., was thoroughly checked while entering into the
examination hall. She did not have anything other than authorised materials
such as pen, instrument box, etc., with her. As she was writing her paper, an
invigilator found close to her feet a bunch of chits. The invigilator on scrutiny
found that the chits contained answers to the paper being written by Rohini.
Rohini's answers tallied with the answers in the chits. A charge of copying was
levelled against Rohini.
Probable Decisions
a) Rohini shall be punished for copying.
b) Rohini cannot be punished for copying.
Probable Reasons
i) Something lying near the feet does not mean that the person is in
possession of that thing.

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ii) The fact that she was checked thoroughly while getting into the hall
64
must be conclusive.
iii) Similarities between her answers and the answers in the chit indicate
that she used those chits.
iv) After using those chits, she must have failed to dispose of them
properly.
Your decision with the reason
(a) (a) (iii) (b) (a) (iv) (c) (b) (iii) (d) (b) (i)
PART - B
Instructions: From the four answers given, shade the appropriate answer in the
space provided for it on the OMR answer sheet.
Marks: Each question carries 2 (two) marks. (10 marks)
186. All contracts are agreements. All agreements are accepted offers. Which
of the following derivation is correct ?
(a) All accepted offers are contracts (b) All agreements are
contracts
(c) All contracts are accepted offers (d) None of the above.
187. No minor can enter into a contract of work. Working in a shop can be
done only by a contract. Which of the following derivation is correct ?
(a) A minor cannot work in a shop
(b) A shop cannot contract with a minor
(c) There cannot be a contract to which minor is a party
(d) None of the above.
188. All motor vehicles are required to have third party insurance. Any
vehicle not using mechanical device is not a motor vehicle.
Which of the following is correct derivation from the above?
(a) All Third Party Insurances relate to motor vehicles
(b) Vehicles not using mechanical device need not have Third Party
Insurance
(c) All vehicles must have Third Party Insurance
(d) None of the above.
189. A contract contravening public policy is void. There cannot be a general
definition of public policy.
Which of the following is correct derivation from the above ?
(a) There cannot be a general definition of contract
(b) Since public policy is uncertain, contract is also uncertain
(c) The impact of public policy on contract is to be judged in individual
cases
(d) None of the above.
190, International Law is the law between sovereign states. A sovereign is the
supreme authority not bound by legal constraints.
Which of the following is correct derivation from the above?
65
(a) International law is not law binding on the sovereign states
(b) International Law is only a positive morality
(c) International Law is in the nature of pact between sovereign states
(d) None of the above.

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ANSWERS
1c 21d 41d 61d 81b 101b 121a 141c 161b 181c
2a 22c 42c 62b 82c 102c 122b 142b 162d 182c
3d 23c 43a 63b 83c 103c 123b 143a 163c 183c
4b 24a 44b 64b 84b 104b 124a 144c 164c 184a
5a 25b 45b 65c 85b 105b 125a 145b 165c 185d
6d 26b 46a 66a 86b 106c 126b 146c 166a 186c
7a 27c 47c 67c 87a 107a 127b 147c 167c 187c
8d 28d 48a 68c 88b 108a 128b 148b 168b 188b
9a 29d 49c 69b 89c 109b 129d 149d 169c 189c
10a 30d 50b 70b 90c 110a 130a 150c 170b 190c
11c 31a 51b 71- 91c 111c 131d 151b 171c
12d 32d 52c 72c 92c 112c 132b 152d 172d
13c 33b 53c 73a 93a 113b 133c 153a 173a
14b 34d 54c 74a 94a 114b 134a 154c 174a
15d 35c 55c 75b 95a 115d 135d 155a 175d
16d 36c 56c 76b 96a 116a 136b 156b 176b
17c 37a 57d 77c 97a 117a 137b 157c 177c
18a 38c 58c 78c 98a 118b 138a 158b 178c
19d 39b 59b 79b 99c 119a 139b 159d 179b
20b 40b 60c 80c 100b 120a 140b 160b 180d

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Explanatory GK
SECTION - II: GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
41. In Ashok Kumar Thakur Vs Union of India and others ( 2008(6)SCC 1) the Supreme Court SC
uphold 27 Per Cent OBC quota and excluded 'creamy layer'. The five-judge constitution bench headed
by Chief Justice K. G. Balakrishnan unanimously held that "creamy layer" must be excluded from the
socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs) and there should be a periodic review after five
years on continuing with the quota. The Bench upheld the validity of the Constitution (93rd
Amendment) Act 2005 empowering the Centre to come out with the special law for OBC reservation in
educational institutions of higher learning. The Bench held that the exclusion of minority educational
institutions from the ambit of the Act was not violative of the Constitution as "they are a separate class
and their rights are protected by other constitutional provisions". "Creamy Layer" is to be
excluded
from SEBCs. The identification of SEBCs will not be complete and without the exclusion of "creamy
layer" such identification may not be valid under Article 15(1) of the Constitution. "Creamy Layer"
principle is not applicable to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
42. Hedge fund is a type of investment fund where the managers are allowed to use riskier
trading
techniques to try to gain a higher return on investment. For example, hedge funds are allowed to
use
short selling, which other mutual funds are unable to do. Because of the higher risk involved in a hedge
fund, only wealthy individuals and companies are generally allowed investing and there is often
a
minimum investment.
43. Balance of payments, (or BOP) measures the payments that flow between any individual
country and all other countries. It is used to summarize all international economic
transactions for that country during a specific time period, usually a year. The BOP is
determined by the country's exports and imports of goods, services, and financial
capital, as well as financial transfers. It reflects all payments and liabilities to foreigners
(debits) and all payments and obligations received from foreigners (credits). Balance of
payments is one of the major indicators of a country's status in international trade, with
net capital outflow.
44. In February 2008, the Kosovo declared Kosovo's independence from Serbia. As of 16
January 2009, its independence is recognized by 54 UN member states
45. Morarji Desai has presented a record number of ten Budgets. He was the finance minister
from 1959 to 1964 and also from 1967 to 1970. He presented five annual and one interim
Budget during his first stint, and three final and one interim in his second term. In 1964
and in 1968 -- both leap years -- Desai presented the Budget on February 29, his birthday.
R K Shanmukhan Chetty, who served as the finance minister in Jawaharlal Nehru's
Cabinet between 1947 and 1949, presented the first Budget of independent India on
November 26, 1947.
46. The Finance Commission is a Constitutional body set up every five years to make
recommendations relating to the distribution of the net proceeds of taxes between the
Union and the States, the principles which should govern the grants-in-aid of the revenues

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of the States out of the Consolidated Fund of India and the measures needed to augment
the Consolidated Fund of a State to supplement the resources of the Panchayats and the
Municipalities. In addition, any other matter may be referred to the Commission by the
President in the interests of sound finance. The recommendations of the Thirteenth
Finance Commission will cover the period of five years from Ist April, 2010 to 31st
March 2015. The Commission is expected to make available its report by 31st October,
2009
47. The 123 agreement between India and USA refers to Sec. 123 of the U.S. Atomic Energy
Act
48. As of 2008, Mallya was ranked as the 362nd richest person in the world and the 7th in
India.he is the Chairman of the United Breweries Group and Kingfisher Airlines, which
draws its name from United Breweries Group's flagship beer brand, Kingfisher. Mallya
67
co-owns F1 racing team Force India. Mallya's flagship firm UB Group owns the Royal
Challengers Bangalore team in the Indian Premier League.
49. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh inaugurated the contentious Baglihar dam in Jammu
and Kashmir in October 2008 built on the Chenab river flowing from the valley to
Pakistan, it has been the centre of dispute between the two countries.
50. He is the second longest-serving Prime Minister of the Italian Republic (President of the
Council of Ministers of Italy), a position he has held on four separate occasions: from
1994 to 1995, from 2001 to 2005, from 2005 to 2006, currently since 2008. He is the
leader of the Forza Italia political movement, a centre-right party he founded in 1993.
Before the 2008 Italian general elections he announced his intention to establish a new
political party, The People of Freedom to be formed by the merging of Forza Italia with
the National Alliance party and other anti-communist parties in 27 March 2009. His
victory in the 2008 general elections paved the way for a fourth mandate in office. As of
January 2009, he is the senior G8 leader, the longest-serving leader of a G8 country.
51. Kishore Biyani is the Managing Director of Pantaloon Retail (India) Limited and the
Group Chief Executive Officer of Future Group. He has become India's largest retailer.
WALMART is the largest retailer in the world.
52. Tata Consultancy Services was established in the year 1968 by Smruti Ranjan Swain.
As of 2007, it is Asias largest information technology firm.TCS tops the DataQuest
DQTop20 list of IT Services providers in India for 2008 . TCS ranked among Top 25 in
Business Week's 2007 Information Technology 100 TCS awarded top position in 2007
"Global Services" 100 ‘Top 10 Best Performing IT Services providers’ category
53. The term taikonaut is used for professional space travelers from China ( ASTRONAUT)
The word has featured in the Longman and Oxford English dictionaries, the latter of
which describes it as "a hybrid of the Chinese term taikong (space) and the Greek naut
(traveller), or astronaut"; the term became more common in 2003 when China sent its first
astronaut Yang Liwei into space aboard the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft.
54. Steve Ballmer has been the chief executive officer of Microsoft Corporation since
January 2000. Microsoft ‘s Headquarters is in Redmond.(founded in 1975)
55. The term Gross National Happiness (GNH) was coined by Bhutan's King Jigme Singye
Wangchuck when he ascended the throne in 1972.
56. Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore earns five times more than the American
President. Lee Hsien Loong takes an annual salary of $2.46 million.
57. The Doha Development Round is the current trade-negotiation round of the World Trade
Organization (WTO) which commenced in November 2001. Its objective is to lower trade

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barriers around the world, which allows countries to increase trade globally. As of 2008,
talks have stalled over a divide on major issues, such as agriculture, industrial tariffs and
non-tariff barriers, services, and trade remedies. The Doha Round began with a
ministerial-level meeting in Doha, Qatar in 2001. Subsequent ministerial meetings took
place in Cancún, Mexico (2003), and Hong Kong (2005). Related negotiations took place
in Geneva, Switzerland (2004, 2006, 2008); Paris, France (2005); and Potsdam, Germany
(2007).The most recent round of negotiations, July 23-29 2008, broke down after failing
to reach a compromise on agricultural import rules.
58. Equinoxes occur twice a year, when the tilt of the Earth's axis is oriented neither from nor
to the Sun, causing the Sun to be located vertically above a point on the equator. The
name is derived from the Latin aequus (equal) and nox (night), because at the equinox the
night and day are equally long. The term equinox can also be used in a wider sense, as
the date (day) that such a passage happens. An equinox happens each year at two specific
moments in time (not a whole day) when the centre of the Sun can be observed to be
vertically above the Earth's equator, occurring around March 20 or 21 and September
22 or 23 each year.
59. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization designed to
supervise and liberalize international trade. The WTO came into being on 1 January
1995, and is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which
68
was created in 1947, and continued to operate for almost five decades as a de facto
international organization.The WTO has 153 members,The WTO's headquarters is in
Geneva, Switzerland.
60. Capital Account Convertibility or CAC is a monetary policy that centers around the
ability to conduct transactions of local financial assets into foreign financial assets freely
and at market determined exchange rates. It is sometimes referred to as Capital Asset
Liberation.It is basically a policy that allows the easy exchange of local currency (cash)
for foreign currency at low rates. CAC was first coined as a theory by the Reserve Bank
of India in 1997 by the Tarapore Committee.
61. The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC), an international environmental treaty produced at
the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally
known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 3–14 June 1992.
62. Carbon credits are a key component of national and international emissions trading
schemes that have been implemented to mitigate global warming. They provide a way to
reduce greenhouse effect emissions on an industrial scale by capping total annual
emissions and letting the market assign a monetary value to any shortfall through trading.
Credits can be exchanged between businesses or bought and sold in international markets
at the prevailing market price. Credits can be used to finance carbon reduction schemes
between trading partners and around the world.
63. In economics, "dumping" can refer to any kind of predatory pricing. However, the word
is now generally used only in the context of international trade law, where dumping is
defined as the act of a manufacturer in one country exporting a product to another country
at a price which is either below the price it charges in its home market or is below its
costs of production
64. Habeas corpus (Latin: You (shall) have the body) is a legal action, or writ, through which
a person can seek relief from the unlawful detention of him or herself, or of another
person. It protects the individual from harming him or herself, or from being harmed by

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the judicial system. The writ of habeas corpus has historically been an important
instrument for the safeguarding of individual freedom against arbitrary state action. Each
High Court has power to issue to any person within its jurisdiction directions, orders, or
writs including writs which are in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition,
quo warranto and certiorari for enforcement of Fundamental Rights and for any other
purpose.
65. The song was composed by Bankimchandra Chatterji in a mixture of Bengali and
Sanskrit.and the first political occasion where it was sung was the 1896 session of the
Indian National Congress. The song first appeared in his book Anandamat published in
1882 amid fears of a ban by British Raj. However, the song itself was actually written in
1876.Jadunath Bhattacharya set the tune for this song just after it was written. In 2003,
BBC World Service conducted an international poll to choose ten most famous songs of
all time. Around 7000 songs were selected from all over the world. According to BBC,
people from 155 countries voted. Vande Mataram was second in top 10 songs. In 1907,
Bhikaiji Cama (1861-1936) created the first version of India's national flag (the Tiranga)
in Stuttgart, Germany in 1907. It had Vande Mataram written on it in the middle band
66. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is a term originally referring to mean solar time at the
Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. It is now sometimes used to refer to
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) when this is viewed as a time zone, although
strictly UTC is an atomic time scale which only approximates GMT in the old sense. It is
also used to refer to Universal Time (UT), which is the astronomical concept that directly
replaced the original GMT in 1928.
67. India ie. Bharat is a Union of States. It is a Sovereign Socialist Democratic Republic with
a parliamentary system of government. The Republic is governed in terms of the
Constitution of India which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th
November 1949 and came into force on 26th January 1950.The Constitution provides
69
for a Parliamentary form of government which is federal in structure with certain unitary
features. The constitutional head of the Executive of the Union is the President. As per
Article 79 of the Constitution of India, the council of the Parliament of the Union
consists of the President and two Houses to be known as the Council of States (Rajya
Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha). Article 74(1) of the Constitution
provides that there shall be a Council of Ministers with a Prime Minister as its head to aid
and advise the President, who shall exercise his functions in accordance to the advice.
The real executive power is thus vested in the Council of Ministers with the Prime
Minister as its head. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the House of
the People (Lok Sabha). Every State has a Legislative Assembly. Certain States have an
upper House called State Legislative Council. Governor is the Head of a State. There
shall be a Governor for each State and the executive power of the State shall be vested in
him. The council of Ministers with the Chief Minister as its head advises the Governor in
the discharge of the executive functions. The Council of the Ministers of a state is
collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly of the State.The Constitution
distributes legislative powers between Parliament and State legislatures as per the lists of
entries in the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. The residual powers vest in the
Parliament. The centrally administered territories are called Union Territories.
68. NDC was set up in 1952 and it is headed by the Prime Minister. It is re-constituted in
1967.
69. The first scientific attempt was made by Prof.V.K.R.V.Rao in 1931-32. But it was not a

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satisfactory attempt. The first official attempt was made by Prof.P.C.Mahalanobis in
1948- 49. The final report was submitted in 1954. Today national income is calculated
and published by the Central Statistical Organisation.
70. A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by water but connected to
mainland via an isthmus. The Arabian Arabia, or Arabistan is a peninsula in Southwest
Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia. The area is an important part of the Middle East
and plays a critically important geopolitical role because of its vast reserves of oil and
natural gas.
71. Correct answer is Viswesarayya
72. The term ‘Social forestry’ first used in 1976 by The National Commission on Agriculture,
Government of India. Afforestation is the process of establishing a forest on land that is
not a forest, or has not been a forest for a long time by planting trees or their seeds.
73. The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef system in the world, composed of over
2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) over an
area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres (133,000 sq mi). The reef is located in
the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland in northeast Australia.
74. A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of length. It corresponds approximately to one
minute of latitude along any meridian. It is a non-SI unit used especially by navigators in
the shipping and aviation industries. It is commonly used in international law and treaties,
especially regarding the limits of territorial waters. It developed from the geographical
mile.

[Raman Vij]

75. Geology is the science and study of the solid and liquid matter that constitute the Earth.
Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life and the
interactions between organisms and their natural environment.
76. Oslo is the Capital of Norway and Krone is its currency.
77. he is better known as Guru Rinpoche ("Precious Master") or Lopon Rinpoche, where
followers of the Nyingma school regard him as the second Buddha
78. The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an
international agreement administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO) that sets
down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property (IP) regulation. It was
negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) in 1994.Specifically, TRIPS contains requirements that nations' laws must
meet for: copyright rights, including the rights of performers, producers of sound
70
recordings and broadcasting organizations; geographical indications, including
appellations of origin; industrial designs; integrated circuit layout-designs; patents;
monopolies for the developers of new plant varieties; trademarks; trade dress; and
undisclosed or confidential information. TRIPS also specifies enforcement procedures,
remedies, and dispute resolution procedures. Protection and enforcement of all
intellectual property rights shall meet the objectives to contribute to the promotion of
technological innovation and to the transfer and dissemination of technology, to the
mutual advantage of producers and users of technological knowledge and in a manner
conducive to social and economic welfare, and to a balance of rights and obligations.
79. The technique of radiocarbon dating was developed by Willard Libby and his colleagues
at the University of Chicago in 1949.[2] Libby estimated that the steady state
radioactivity concentration of exchangeable carbon-14 would be about 14 disintegrations
per minute (dpm) per gram. In 1960, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for this
work. He first demonstrated the accuracy of radiocarbon dating by accurately measuring

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the age of wood from an ancient Egyptian royal barge whose age was known from
historical documents
80. The Delhi Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS), or Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system
in the Indian National Capital Territory of Delhi that was built and is operated by the
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC).The Delhi Metro was opened on
December 24, 2002. It became the second underground rapid transit system in India, after
the one in operation in Kolkata.
81. It is usual for gold to be mixed with other metals to produce an alloy, which is simply a
mixture of two or more metals. The traditional way to describe the proportion of gold in
alloys is in "carats". A carat is 1/24, that is 1 part in 24 by weight.18 carat is therefore
18/24 or 3/4 gold. In recent years it has become common to refer to alloys millesimally,
that is in "parts per thousand". Eighteen carat gold is therefore 750 parts per thousand.
82. After the 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference on the island Bali in
Indonesia in December, 2007, the participating nations adopted the Bali Roadmap (also
known as the Bali Action Plan) as a two-year process to finalizing a binding agreement in
2009 in Denmark.
83. Enriched uranium is a kind of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235
has been increased through the process of isotope separation.Enriched uranium is a
critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear
weapons.During the Manhattan Project enriched uranium was given the codename
oralloy, a shortened version of Oak Ridge alloy, after the location of the plants where the
uranium was enriched.
84. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, (October 30, 1909 – January 24, 1966) was an Indian nuclear
physicist who had a major role in the development of the Indian atomic energy program
and is considered to be the father of India's nuclear program. In 1945, he established the
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Bombay, and the Atomic Energy Commission
of India three years later. In the 1950s, Bhabha represented India in International Atomic
Energy Forums, and served as President of the United Nations Conference on the
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva, Switzerland in 1955. He later served as the
member of the Indian Cabinet's Scientific Advisory Committee and set up the Indian
National Committee for Space Research with Vikram Sarabhai. In January 1966, Bhabha
died in a plane crash near Mont Blanc, while heading to Vienna, Austria to attend a
meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency's Scientific Advisory Committee.
85. The Salva Judum movement by tribals, primarily in Bastar district, 200 kms from Raipur,
is a remarkable one in the history of Chhattisgarh, ever since Naxal violence reared its
head in the state in 1980. While eight of the state’s 16 districts have been declared
Maoist-affected, they have considerable presence in three other districts too. However,
the 4,000-odd sq km of dense forest terrain in the Bastar belt is the hub of Maoist activity
in the state. Official figures indicate that 150 people were killed in Maoist violence in the
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state between January 2004 and June 2005. The Salva Judum movement constitutes the
first time that tribals to have turned against the Naxalites, who ostensibly fight against
their wilful exploitation by the state. The movement quickly spread with the state
government, police and media offering support to it.
86. Magasaysay award is instituted in 1957 in memory of the third Philippine President, the
award is widely regarded as Asia’s equivalent of the Nobel Prize. Mr Sainath gets the
award in the Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts category for his

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passionate reporting of the conditions of India’s rural poor. The award will be presented
in Manila . Each of the winners will also receive a cash prize of 50,000 US dollars. Born
in Chennai in 1957 into a distinguished family Mr Sainath, who is the grandson of former
President of India, the late Shri V V Giri. India’s philanthropist doctors Prakash and
Mandakini Amte were on Thurday declared winners of the Ramon Magsaysay Award
2008 for their contributions to improving the lives of tribals in a remote Maharashtra
village through medical care and education.
87. Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding is an international award
presented by the Government of India founded in 1965. Award is presented "for their
outstanding contribution to the promotion of international understanding, goodwill and
friendship among peoples of the world". The money constituent of this award is 2.5
million rupees. Luiz da Silva is the thirty-fifth and current President of Brazil and a
founding member of the Workers' Party. This year’s award is won by Ólafur Ragnar
Grímsson,the President of Iceland.
88. Free trade area is a designated group of countries that have agreed to eliminate tariffs,
quotas and preferences on most (if not all) goods and services traded between them.
It can be considered the second stage of economic integration. Countries choose this kind
of economic integration form if their economical structures are complementary. If they
are competitive, they will choose customs union.
89.
90. A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are
more liberal than a country's typical economic laws. The category 'SEZ' covers a broad
range of more specific zone types, including Free Trade Zones (FTZ), Export Processing
Zones (EPZ), Free Zones (FZ), Industrial Estates (IE), Free Ports, Urban Enterprise Zones
and others. Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign investment. One of the
earliest and the most famous Special Economic Zones were found by the government of
the People's Republic of China under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s. The most
successful Special Economic Zone in China, Shenzhen, has developed from a small
village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years. Following the
Chinese examples, Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries,
including Brazil, India, Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, the Philippines, Poland,
Russia, and Ukraine. North Korea has also attempted this to a degree, but failed.
Currently, Puno, Peru has been slated to become a "Zona Economica" by its president
Alan Garcia. A single SEZ can contain multiple 'specific' zones within its boundaries. The
two most prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay in the Philippines
and the Aqaba Special Economic Zone in Jordan. India’s first special economic zone
(SEZ) on aerospace and precision engineering will come up at Adhibatla village ,
Andhra Pradesh.
91. Sunita Williams was launched to the International Space Station in Discovery, on
December 9, 2006. on April 26, 2007 to bring Williams back to earth on the STS-117
mission aboard Atlantis. Williams became the first person to run the Boston Marathon
from the space station on April 16, 2007.In September 2007, Sunita Williams visited
India. She went to the Sabarmati Ashram, the ashram set up by Mahatma Gandhi in 1915,
and her ancestral village Jhulasan in Gujarat. She was awarded the Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel Vishwa Pratibha Award by the World Gujarati Society, the first person of Indian
origin who is not an Indian citizen to be presented the award.
72

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92. Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd opened a new chapter in Australia’s tortured
relations with its indigenous peoples with a comprehensive and moving apology for past
wrongs and a call for bipartisan action to improve the lives of Australia’s Aborigines and
Torres Strait Islanders.
93. Gandhian economics is a school of economic thought based on the socio-economic
principles expounded by Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi. It is largely characterised by its
affinity to the principles and objectives of socialism, but with a rejection of class war and
promotion of socio-economic harmony. Gandhi's economic ideas also aim to promote
spiritual development and harmony with a rejection of materialism. The term "Gandhian
economics" was coined by J. C. Kumarappa, a close supporter of Gandhi. Un to this last
is written by John Ruskin. Gandhi translated Unto This Last into Gujarati in 1908 under
the title of Sarvodaya. In Unto This Last, Gandhi found an important part of his social and
economic ideas.
94. Biofuel is defined as solid, liquid or gaseous fuel derived from relatively recently dead
biological material and is distinguished from fossil fuels, which are derived from long
dead biological material. Theoretically, biofuels can be produced from any (biological)
carbon source; although, the most common sources are photosynthetic plant
95. The idea is to keep patent protection alive as long as possible ie. to "evergreen", as such
strategies are sometimes called.
96. The Poona Pact refers to an agreement between the lower caste Untouchables (then called
Depressed Classes, now refered to as Dalits) of India led by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and the
upper caste Hindus of India that took place on 24 September 1932 at Yerawada Jail in
Pune (now in Maharashtra).Amberdkar is the architect of our Constitution. He is the first
law minister of India.
97.
98. Russian cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev has set a new record of a total of 748 days spent in
orbit – almost 2 years
99. The US emits more, absolutely and per head, than any other country - although it also
produces more wealth. When Kyoto was agreed, the US signed and committed to
reducing its emissions by 6%. But since then it has pulled out of the agreement and its
carbon dioxide emissions have increased to more than 15% above 1990 levels.
100. The Peter Principle is the principle that "In a Hierarchy Every Employee Tends to Rise to
His Level of Incompetence." While formulated by Dr. Laurence J. Peter and Raymond
Hull in their 1968 book The Peter Principle, a humorous treatise which also introduced
the "salutary science of Hierarchiology", "inadvertently founded" by Peter, the principle
has real validity.
101. The WTO came into being on 1 January 1995, and is the successor to the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was created in 1947, and continued to
operate for almost five decades as a de facto international organization.Headquarters -Geneva,
Switzerland,Membership -153 member states.
102. The Western Wall sometimes referred to as the Wailing Wall or simply the Kotel and as
al-Buraq Wall by Muslims,is an important Jewish religious site located in the Old City of
Jerusalem. Just over half the wall, including its 17 courses located below street level,
dates from the end of the Second Temple period, being constructed around 19 BCE by
Herod the Great. The remaining layers were added from the 7th century onwards.
103. Abul Kalam Azad, freedom fighter and educationist, refused the Bharat Ratna arguing
that those who selected the awardees should not be its recipients. After all, he was
education minister at the time. Azad was later awarded the Ratna posthumously. It is

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India's highest civilian award, instituted in 1954.Award to Subhash Chandra Bose in
1992, which was later withdrawn due to a legal technicality, the only case of an award
being withdrawn. The award was briefly suspended from July 13, 1977 to January 26,
1980.While there was no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be
Indian citizens, this seems to have been the general assumption. There has been one
award to a naturalized Indian citizen — Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, better known as Mother
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Teresa (1980); and two to non-Indians — Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1987) and Nelson
Mandela (1990).
104. The ozone layer is a layer in Earth's atmosphere which contains relatively high
concentrations of ozone (O3). This layer absorbs 93-99% of the sun's high frequency
ultraviolet light, which is potentially damaging to life on earth. Over 91% of the ozone in
Earth's atmosphere is present here. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the
stratosphere from approximately 10 km to 50 km above Earth's surface, though the
thickness varies seasonally and geographically.The ozone layer was discovered in 1913
by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson. Its properties were explored in
detail by the British meteorologist G. M. B. Dobson, who developed a simple
spectrophotometer (the Dobsonmeter) that could be used to measure stratospheric ozone
from the ground. Between 1928 and 1958 Dobson established a worldwide network of
ozone monitoring stations which continues to operate today. The "Dobson unit", a
convenient measure of the total amount of ozone in a column overhead, is named in his
honor.
105. South America's Amazon River is the world's largest because it carries more water to
the sea than any other river. The Amazon's discharge at its mouth is approximately 7
million cubic feet per second.The Amazon is the world's second longest river as well,
coming in just a tad shorter than the Nile River at 4,049 miles (6,516 kilometers) long.
106. Tsunami is the Japanese name given to large waves that sometimes devastated the shores
and ports of Japan.
107. In Hindi, "Chipko" literally means "to stick". Chipko movement later became famous as
Appiko in Karnataka. One of Bahuguna's notable contributions to that cause, and to
environmentalism in general, was his creation of the Chipko's slogan "Ecology is
permanent economy." He helped bring the movement to prominence through a 5,000
kilometer trans-Himalaya march conducted from 1981 to 1983, and met with the then
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. That meeting is credited with resulting in Ms.
Gandhi's subsequent 15-year ban on felling of green trees in 1980. In 2009, Bahuguna
was honoured with Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian award.
108. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is mentioned in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas.
It is also heavily mentioned in Buddhist and Jain texts. The earliest reference to the
Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the
Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats as despised peoples. Two of India's major religions
started from Magadha; two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta
Empire, originated from Magadha. These empires saw advancements in ancient India's
science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy and were considered the
Indian "Golden Age". The Magadha kingdom included republican communities such as
the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs
called Gramakas. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military
functions.
109. Founded in 1885 with the objective of obtaining a greater share in government for

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educated Indians, the Indian National Congress was initially not opposed to British rule.
The Congress met once a year during December. Indeed, it was a Scotsman, Allan
Octavian Hume, who brought about its first meeting in Bombay, with the approval of
Lord Dufferin, the then-Viceroy. The first meeting was scheduled to be held in Pune, but
due to a plague outbreak there, the meeting was later shifted to Bombay. The first Session
of INC was held from 28-31 December 1885, and was attended by 72 delegates.
110. East India Company traded mainly in cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, tea, and opium.
However, it also came to rule large swathes of India, exercising military power and
assuming administrative functions, to the exclusion, gradually, of its commercial pursuits.
Company rule in India, which effectively began in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey, lasted
until 1858, when, following the events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, and under the
Government of India Act 1858, the British Crown assumed direct administration of India
74
in the new British Raj. The Company itself was finally dissolved on 1 January 1874, as a
result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act.
111. In 1930, Iqbal was elected to preside over at the annual session of Muslim League. In his
presidential address at Allahabad, Iqbal for the first time introduced the idea of Pakistan.
In 1930-31, he attended the Round Table conference, which met in London to frame a
constitution for India. He is officially recognized as the "national poet" in Pakistan.
112. he Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was a political campaign launched mainly by
Muslims in South Asia to influence the British government and to protect the Ottoman
Empire during the aftermath of World War I. The position of Caliph after the Armistice
of Mudros of October 1918 with the military occupation of Istanbul and Treaty of
Versailles (1919) fell into a disambiguation along with the Ottoman Empire's existence.
The movement gained force after the Treaty of Sèvres (August 1920) which solidified the
partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.
113. The Government of India Act 1935 was the last pre-independence constitution of India.
The significant aspects of the act were: * It granted Indian provinces autonomy and
ended the dyarchy introduced by the Government of India Act 1919. * It provided for
establishment of an India Federation. * Direct elections are introduced for the first time.
The right to vote was increased from seven million to thirty-five million. * Sind is
separated from Bombay. Orissa is separated from Bihar. Burma is separated from India.
* Provincial assemblies were to include more elected Indian representatives, who in turn
could lead majorities and form governments. But Governors retained discretionary
powers regarding summoning of legislatures, giving assent to bills and administering
certain special regions (mostly tribal).
114. M. N. Roy, was a Bengali Indian revolutionary, internationally known political theorist
and activist, founder of the Communist parties in Mexico and India. He later denounced
communism, as exponent of the philosophy of Radical Humanism.
115. The award was instituted in 1961. Rahman Rahi won the awrd in 2004. Amritha
Preetam is the first lady recipient of Jnanpith award
116. The Nobel Prize in Literature is awarded annually, since 1901.Sully Prudhomme is the
first winner(1901).Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio(france) is the 2008 winner.
117. Plea bargaining is an agreement in a criminal case whereby the prosecutor offers the
defendant the opportunity to plead guilty, usually to a lesser charge or to the original
criminal charge with a recommendation of a lighter than the maximum sentence. Plea
bargaining was introduced in India by Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005, which
amended the Code of Criminal Procedure and introduced a new chapter XXI (A) in the

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code which is enforceable from January 11, 2006. This is applicable for cases in which
the maximum punishment is imprisonment for seven years; however, offenses affecting
the socio-economic condition of the country and offenses committed against a woman or
a child below the age of fourteen are excluded.
118. Arbitration, a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is a legal technique for the
resolution of disputes outside the courts, wherein the parties to a dispute refer it to one or
more persons (the "arbitrators", "arbiters" or "arbitral tribunal"), by whose decision (the
"award") they agree to be bound. It is a settlement technique in which a third party
reviews the case and imposes a decision that is legally binding for both sides. In India
THE ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION ACT came in to force in 1996.
119. Article 19 ensres that
(1) all citizens shall have the right –
(a) to freedom of speech and expression
(b) to assemble peaceably and without arms
(c) to form association or unions
(d) to move freely throughout the territory of India
(e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of
(g) to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business
75
At the same-time vide part (2) of the same Article 19, the Constitution allows the
Operation of any existing law, permits the States to make any law to impose
restrictions on the above rights, that can be considered as reasonable.
120. Genetically modified (GM) foods are food items that have had their DNA changed
through genetic engineering. Unlike conventional genetic modification that is carried out
through conventional breeding and that have been consumed for thousands of years, GM
foods were first put on the market in the early 1990s. The most common modified foods
are derived from plants: soybean, corn, canola, and cotton seed oil.
121. It is the constitutional right of every accused person who is unable to engage a lawyer and
secure legal services on account of reasons such as poverty, indigence or incommunicado
situation to have a free legal service provided to him by the State and the State is under a
constitutional mandate to provide a lawyer to such accused person, if the needs of justice
so require. The Supreme Court in Hussainara Khatoon and others Vs Home Secretary
clarified that it is right under Article 21.
122. The Constituent Assembly of India was set up as a result of negotiations between the
Indian leaders and members of the British Cabinet Mission. The constituent assembly was
elected indirectly by the members of the Provincial legislative assembly. The Congress
secured an overwhelming majority in the general seats while the Muslim League
managed to sweep almost all the seats reserved for Muslims. The Congress had a majority
of 69%. There were also members from smaller parties like the Scheduled Caste
Federation, the Communist Party of India and the Unionist Party.On August 15, 1947,
India became an independent nation, and the Constituent Assembly became India's
Parliament.
123. Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first president(temporary Chairman of the Assembly
)of the Constituent Assembly when it met on December 9,1946. Dr. Rajendra Prasad then
became the President of the Constituent Assembly, and would later became the first
President of India. The Vice President of the Constituent Assembly was Professor
Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, former Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University and a

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prominent Christian from Bengal who also served as the Chairman of the Minorities
Committee of the Constituent Assembly. He was appointed Governor of West Bengal
after India became a republic.
124.
125. Article 85 (1) concerns summoning of Parliament. It reads: "The President shall from
time to time summon each House of Parliament to meet at such time and place as he
thinks fit, but six months shall not intervene between its last sitting in one session and the
date appointed for its first sitting in the next session.
126. Article 61 of the constitution provides for impeachment of president. President is
impeached for violation of constitution. Impeachment is a quasi – judicial
proceeding in the parliament. For impeachment of the president a resolution
containing the proposal should be moved in the parliament before 14 days. This
notice in writing should be signed by not less than 1/4th of the total members. For
passing the resolution 2/3rd majority of total members of the house is necessary.
127. Sovereignty is the exclusive right to control a government, a country, a people,
or oneself. A Sovereign is the supreme lawmaking authority.De jure, or legal,
sovereignty is the theoretical right to exercise exclusive control over one's
subjects. De facto, or actual, sovereignty is concerned with whether control in
fact exists.
128. Reservation in Indian law is a form of affirmative action whereby a percentage of seats
are reserved in the public sector units, union and state civil services, union and state
government departments and in all public and private educational institutions, except in
the religious/ linguistic minority educational institutions, for the socially and
educationally backward classes of citizens or the Scheduled Castes and Tribes who were
inadequately represented in these services and institutions. The reservation policy is
76
extended for the SC and STs in representing the Parliament of India, etc. The central
government of India reserves 27% of higher education Reservation in most states is
capped at a maximum of 50%, but certain Indian states like Rajasthan have proposed a 68
% reservation which ironically includes a 14% reservation for forward castes. (SEE
ANS.41)
129. The Right to property was a former Fundamental Right under Article 32 before
it was revoked by the 44th Amendment Act of 1978. A new article, Article 300-A,was added to the
constitution which provided that no person shall be deprived
of his property, except by the authority of law. If a legislature makes a law
depriving a person of his property, there would be no obligation on the part of the
State to pay any compensation. The aggrieved person will have no right to move
the court under Article 32. The right to property is no longer a fundamental right,
though it is still a constitutional right. If the government appears to have acted
unfairly, the action can be challenged in a court of law.
130. He is a retired Judge of the Supreme Court of India. From 1993-98, he headed the well-known
Commission of Inquiry, the "Srikrishna Commission" as it became known, which
investigated causes and apportioned blame for the Bombay Riots of 1992-93.
131. The Constitution of India (Article 45) states that "the state shall endeavour to provide
within a period of 10 years from the commencement of this Constitution for the free and
compulsory education of all children until they complete the age of 14 years". This
commitment was made more than 50 years ago. The Supreme Court of India, in its
hearings of two cases in 1992-93 upheld the fundamental right to education. In Mohini

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Jain vs State of Karnataka, the Supreme Court, speaking through Justice Kuldip Singh,
held that the right to education was part of the fundamental rights to life and personal
liberty guaranteed by Article 21. In a subsequent case, Unnikrishnan vs State of Andhra
Pradesh, the question came up, "whether the Constitution of India guaranteed a
fundamental right to education to its citizens". While it was agreed that the right to
education emanated from the right to life guaranteed by Article 21 of the Constitution,
Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy observed that "...every child/citizen of this country has a right
to free education until he completes the age of 14 years and after a child/citizen completes
14 years, his right to education is circumscribed by the limits of the economic capacity of
the state and its development". Thus, this was the legal position relating to the right to
education within the Constitution before the passing of the 93rd Constitution Amendment
Bill. The 93rd Constitution Amendment, with the insertion of a new article (Article 21 A)
to say that "the state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age
of six and 14 years in such manner as the state may, by law, determine", enable any
citizen to seek the enforcement of the right by way of resort to writ jurisdiction under
Articles 32 and 226 of the Constitution.
132. UN is divided into administrative bodies, primarily:
The General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly);
The Security Council (decides certain resolutions for peace and security);
The Economic and Social Council (assists in promoting international economic and social
cooperation and development);
The Secretariat (provides studies, information and facilities needed by the UN);
The International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ).
133. Liberhan Commission headed by the retired judge of Supreme Court M S Liberhan was
constituted on December 16, 1992 by an order of the Indian union home ministry
following the demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya on 6 December and the riots in
Ayodhya city
134. Competition Act, replaced the Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act,
1969. Competition Act was enacted in 2002 and amended in September 2007.
135. The first-ever impeachment motion against a SC judge, Justice V. Ramaswami, was
signed by 108 MPs in 1991. A year later, an inquiry found Ramaswami “guilty of willful
77
and gross misuses of office… “While serving as the Chief Justice of the Punjab and
Haryana High Court”. Ramaswami survived the impeachment process as Parliament got
divided along regional lines, southern MPs strongly supported him. Only 196 members of
Parliament, less than the required two-thirds, voted for his ouster.
136. The Committee on Reforms of the Criminal Justice System, headed by Justice VS
Malimath, submitted its report to the Ministry of Home Affairs in April 2003.
137. First woman Judge of the Supreme Court: Justice M. Fatima Beevi (1989):First woman
judicial officer: Anna Chandy, who was appointed munsif in the Travancore state in 1937.
Leila Seth was the CJ of Himachal High Court.
138. Lok Adalat (people’s courts), established by the government settles dispute through
conciliation and compromise. The First Lok Adalat was held in Chennai in 1986.
Parliament enacted the Legal Services Authorities Act 1987, and one of the aims for the
enactment of this Act was to organize Lok Adalat to secure that the operation of legal
system promotes justice on the basis of an equal opportunity.
139. Until May 28, 2008, Nepal was a constitutional monarchy. On that date, the constitution
was altered by the Constituent Assembly to make the country a republic.President of
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Nepal-Ram Baran Yadav AND Prime Minister-Prachanda.
140. Hugo Rafael Chávez (born July 28, 1954) is the President of Venezuela

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