Class XII Sociology Sample Paper

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[Arun Vats]

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1 What is meant by the infant mortality rate?
2 What is social about social inequality?
3 Mention two factors that encourage regionalism.
4 What kind of factors is community identity based on?
5 What is meant by ‘sanskritisation’?
6 What is a political party?
7 Mention any two policies or laws for land reform introduced after independence.
8 List any two characteristic features of the organized sector.
9 What is meant by an ‘electronic economy’?
10 What are transnational corporations?
11 Write the meaning of globalization in your own words.
12 Mention any two features of social movements.
13 Give two examples of peasant movements in India.
14 How are ‘reformist’ social movements different from ‘revolutionary’ social movements?
15 Highlight the main features of the age structure of the Indian population.
16 How have the living conditions of tribal communities changed after independence?
17 What is meant by ‘communalism’ in the Indian context?
18 Describe the main features of social reforms movements before independence.
19 Municipal authorities in cities often have to undertake controversial campaigns for the demolition of illegal structures and encroachments. Discuss the role of competing interests in this context.
20 Why are land reforms necessary? Explain their impact on Indian agriculture after independence.
OR
Migration and lack of job security create poor working and living conditions for migrant labourers. Explain with reference to the circulation of labour in India.


21 Describe some of the consequences of industrialisation.

OR

What are the major forms of job recruitment in India?
22 Summarize the major changes in the institution of caste from colonial times to the present day.
OR
Explain the main factors influencing the formation of tribal identity in recent times.
23 What are the main arguments made for and against liberalization and marketisation? What position would you take in this debate and why?
24 How is colonialism different from earlier forms of conquest or domination, and in what ways did it affect Indian society?

Q.25 Read the following passage, which reproduces a news item from the Times of India (20th July, 2009, p.7) and answer the questions below:

Three Die Attempting Aamir Stunt

Three teenaged friends in Punjab attempted Aamir Khan’s Ghulam stunt of outracing an incoming train to reach a spot in their real life. But they failed and lost their lives too. Police said the boys had struck a bet to run on the track towards the train. However, they were run over by the train before they could jump off the tracks in Ludhiana. Kala and Lalu died on the spot while Anees succumbed to his injuries in a hospital. He told police that they had struck a bet to see who could run for the longest duration in front of a running train, said a railway official.

Q 25 a. The mass media often promotes a strong sense of identification with stars and the characters they play on screen. While this can sometimes result in tragedy (as in the above case), can you think of examples where it can have positive effects on viewers?

Q 25 b. Many Indian films and tv serials are very popular even though they usually depict situations that are far from real life. On the other hand, ‘reality shows’ and competitions featuring ordinary people (rather than stars) are also becoming very popular. In your opinion, what explains the popularity of these very different mass media products?

1 Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of babies before the age of one year per 1000 live births.
2
2 Social Inequality:
o It is not about individuals but about groups.
o It is social, not economic (i.e., people may be subjected to social inequality regardless of their economic status), although there is usually a strong link between social and economic inequality.
o It is systematic and structured rather than accidental.
(Any two points)
1+1=2
3 Regionalism is encouraged by:
o concentration of identity markers in particular regions.
o a sense of regional deprivation.

1+1=2
4 Community identity :
o It is based on birth and belonging, rather than any achieved status.
o May be based on features like shared language, history, kinship ties, religion etc.
o It is ascriptive in nature and is universal.

1+1=2
5 Sankritisation is a process by which a low caste or a tribe or other group takes over the customs, beliefs, ideology and style of life of a high and in particular a twice born (dwija) caste.

2
6 Political Party:
A political party is an organization established with the aim of achieving governmental power and using that power to pursue a specific programme.

2
7 Some policies and laws for land reform in independent India were:
o Zamindari abolition, removing the top layer of the many intermediaries with rights on land
o Tenancy regulation and reform, which gave security of tenure and other rights to tenants.
o Land ceiling acts which limited the maximum amount of land that could be owned by individual landlords and took away the excess land for redistribution among the landless.

1+1=2
8 Features of organised sector.
o It consists of units employing ten or more people throughout the year.
o Organized sector have to be registered with the government to ensure that their employees get proper salaries or wages, pension and other benefits
(any other relevant point)


1+1=2
9 Electronic economy
It is the kind of economy made possible by the revolution in global telecommunications, which allows transactions to be made across the globe, using highspeed electronic networks to transfer money instantly (or in a few seconds).
(any one).

2
10 Transnational Corporations

TNC’s are companies that produce goods or market services in more than one country. They may be relatively small firms or gigantic international ones oriented to global markets and global profits. For example Coca-Cola, Kodak.

2
11 Globalization refers to the growing interdependence between different people, regions and countries in the world as social and economic relationships come to stretch worldwide.

2
12 Features of social movements:
o It requires sustained collective action .
o Collective action must be marked by some degree of organization.
o Social movements have shared objectives and ideologies.
o They often arise with the aim of bringing about changes on a public issue
(any two)

1+1=2
13 Examples of peasant movement:
o Bardoli Satyagraha, a non-tax campaign of refusal to pay land revenue.
o Champaran satyagraha, against indigo plantation.
o Tebhaga or Telangana movement demanding freedom from economic exploitation. (Any two)
1+1=2
14 Reformist Revolution social movements
o Reformist social movements strive to change the existing social and political arrangements through gradual, incremental steps. (eg. Right to Information Campaign).
o Revolutionary social movements attempt to radically transform social relations often by capturing state power (for example the Bolshevik revolution in Russia).

1+1=2
15 Age structure of Indian population –
India is one of the youngest countries in the world – majority of Indians tend to be young.
o Average age is also less than most of the other countries.
o The share of the 15-60 age group has slightly increased while the share of 60 + age group is very small.
o The present trend indicates that 0-14 age group will reduce, thus the changing age structure could offer a demographic dividend for India.
o There are wide regional variations as states like Kerala are beginning to acquire age structure like that of developed countries while some states like U.P. have high proportions in younger age group. ( Any four points)


1x4=4
16. Changes in the living conditions of tribal communities after independence.
o Even after independence life did not become easier for the tribal communities
o Govt.’s monopoly over the forests continues, exploitation of forests has accelerated.
o Millions of tribals were displaced and without any appropriate compensation and rehabilitation (for example, Sardar Sarovar dam and Polavaram dam displaced many tribals leading them to great destitution).
o Tribal groups have been waging struggle against the outsiders. The significant achievements include the statehood of Jharkhand & Chhattisgarh.


1x4=4
17 Communalism in Indian context
o Chauvinism based on religious identity.
o The belief that religion supersedes all other aspects of a person’s or a group’s identity. Usually accompanied by an aggressive and hostile attitude towards persons and groups of other religious (or non-religious) identities.
o Communalism in Indian context has been a source of recurring tension and violence, for example anti-Sikh riots of Delhi 1984 and anti-Muslim violence in Gujarat in 2002 etc.
o No region has been wholly exempt from communal violence of one kind or the other.
o Every religious community has faced violence in greater or lesser degree. Although the impact is far more traumatic for minority communities.


1x4=4
18 Main features of social reform movements before independence:
o Social reform movements were to bring about changes in social practices that discriminated against women and lower caste.
o The well-known issues taken up by the reformers were Sati, Child marriage, widow remarriage, caste discrimination etc.
o The reform movements were a creative combination of modern ideas of western liberalism and a new look on traditional literature.
o The varied reform movements did not have common themes. For some the concerns were confined to the problems of upper caste and middle class women and men. For others, the injustices suffered by the discriminated castes were the central issue.

1x4=4
19 Competing interests

o Competing interests operate on the Indian social scene and clamor for the control of the state resources.
o Interests of different sections of society may at times be conflicting e.g. ban on child labor may be a positive initiative by the govt. However, it may be contested by the poor people and their children.
o The recent example of demolition in Delhi was to do away with the illegal structures and beautify the city, whereas it led to outrage among the people who were affected-as for it meant loss of livelihood for many.
o The demolitions have witnessed protests by the people whereas the govt. has tried to justify its stand for demolition.

1x4=4
20 Land reforms in India
o Land reforms are necessary to boost agriculture growth, eradicate poverty in rural areas and bring about social justice.
o Land reforms led to abolition of Zamindari system which removed the top layers of the intermediaries between the cultivators and state.
o Tenancy Abolition and Regulation Act was introduced that led to reconstruction of the agrarian structure, giving land rights to the tenants.
o Land Ceiling Act was meant to help in redistribution of land to landless families.
o The impact of land reforms has been uneven across the states.

OR
Circulation of labours:
o The commercialization of agriculture has led to migrant agricultural labour that circulates between their home villages and more prosperous areas.
o Men migrate out periodically in search of work and better wages whereas women and children are often left behind in their villages with elderly grand parents.
o The migrant labor is usually not paid the minimum wage and is easily exploited by the wealthy farmers.
o These labourers get employment only during a part of the year i.e. the harvesting time or other such intensive operations
o As migrant labourers are not locals and come from poor regions, they are in a weak position relative to employers and are often made to live in poor working and living conditions.

1+3=4
1x4=4
21 Consequences of industrialization:
o Urbanization
o Anonymous professional relationship.
o Complex division of labour.
o Reducing social inequalities.
o De-industrialization in some sectors and decline of old urban centers.

OR
Job recruitment is done through

o employment exchange
o advertisements
o personal contacts
o contractors or jobbers

1x4=4
22 Changes in the institution of the caste:

o Caste appears to decline for the upper caste, urban middle and upper classes, because it has already benefited these groups.
o For the upper castes, caste is not very significant in public life, being limited in the personal sphere of religious practice or marriage and kinship.
o Untouchability has been abolished legally, but continues to exist in practice, especially in rural areas.
o Reservation for SC & ST and OBC has provided some protection and benefits. However, this has also resulted in the intensification of caste identities for these groups.
o The confrontation between a seemingly casteless upper caste group and an apparently caste defined lower caste group is one of the central aspects of the institution of caste in the present.
o Caste remains central to electoral politics.

OR

Tribal identity in recent times
o Tribal identity is formed by forced incorporation of tribal communities into mainstream.
o Resistance and opposition to the non-tribals.
o Positive impact has been achievement of statehood of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
o There has been gradual emergence of an educated middle class among tribal communities.
o Education has resulted in urbanized professional class.
o As tribal society is getting more differentiated, different bases are growing for assertion of tribal identity, such as those of the middle classes and the masses.

1x6=6
23 Liberalisation and marketisation

A
o Liberalisation includes a range of policies such as privatization of public sector enterprises, loosening of Govt. regulations on capital, labour and trade.
o Marketisation refers to the use of markets or market based processes to solve social, political or economic problems which include relaxation on removal of economic controls, privatisation etc.
B Positive Impact:
o Liberalisation stimulated economic growth. It has opened up Indian market to foreign companies resulting in increasing foreign investments leading to economic growth and employment. Privatization is supposed to increase efficiency
C Negative Impact:
o Some sectors of Indian industry like software and I.T. may benefit whereas other sectors like automobiles may lose, being unable to compete with foreign producers. Privatisation has also led to loss of employment in some sectors, growth of unorganized sectors, small farmers and small manufacturer are unable to cope up with tough competition with foreign producers

2x3=6
24. Colonialism distinguished from earlier rules :
(a) Pre-capitalists conquerors did not interfere with economic base where as British colonialism was based on capitalist system which directly interfered to ensure maximum profit. Every policy of the colonial rule was towards strengthening and expansion of British capitalism.
(b) Not only were land ownership laws changed but colonizers decided what crops to be grown and what not.
The changes brought by colonialism have been far reaching and deep
(a) Colonial rulers altered the way of production and distribution of goods.
(b) They also brought in Forest Act, started tea-plantation that changed the life of pastoralists.
(c) Colonialism also led to considerable movement of people from one part of the country to another.
(d) Changes were introduced in many spheres -be it legal, cultural or architectural.
(any other relevant points)
1x6=6

25. Passage based question

25 a: Beneficial effects of star-identification: Campaigns for social causes involving stars can have a good impact, such as those on HIV AIDS, against dowry, for polio immunization and similar campaigns. Positive values shown on screen also help to keep them alive in society etc.

25 b: Any answer supported with an argument. For example:

Fantasy has always been attractive in the mass media because people want to be treated to things they cannot possibly have or enjoy – for three hours in a cinema hall an average person can imagine that they are (through identification with the hero or heroine) strong, handsome/beautiful, wealthy, powerful and so on. This has been a traditional form in the mass media.
However, more recently, audiences also want to see themselves or someone like themselves. This may be both from the point of view of wanting to see such people succeed as well as wanting to see them fail or be humiliated (as in many competition programmes and reality shows). These kind of media products appeal to the darker side of our nature and seem to be on the rise these days...

2x3=6