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18th March 2016, 03:21 PM
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Join Date: May 2012
Re: Class of Biology

The Biology subject syllabus of Class XII (2015-16) (Theory) of CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) is as follows:

Unit VI. Reproduction

Chapter-1: Reproduction in Organisms

Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of
species; Asexual reproduction Modes of reproduction-Asexual and sexual
reproduction; Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule,
fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.

Chapter-2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes;
Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreedings devices; Pollen-Pistil
interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events-Development of
endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special
modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and
fruit formation.

Chapter-3: Human Reproduction

Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and
ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle;
Fertilisation embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation;
Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary
idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).

Chapter-4: Reproductive Health

Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases
(STD); Birth control – Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical
Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted
reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general
awareness).

Unit VII. Genetics and Evolution

Chapter-5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism-Incomplete dominance,
Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy;
Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of
inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination - in humans, birds,
honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance - Haemophilia,
Colour blindness; Mendelian disorder in humans - Thalassemia; chromosomal
disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's
syndromes.

Chapter-6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA
and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription,
genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation - Lac Operon;
Genome and human ganeome project; DNA fingerprinting.

Chapter-7: Evolution

Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution
(Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular
evidence); Darwin's contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution;
Mechanism of evolution - Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural
Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic
drift; Hardy - Weinberg's principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

Unit VIII. Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter-8: Human Health and Diseases

Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis,
Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts
of immunology - vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDs; Adolescene, drug and
alcholol abuse.

Chapter-9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Improvement in food production : Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell
protein, Biofortification, Apiculature and Animal husbandry.

Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare

In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment,
energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. Antibiotics;
production and judicious use.

Unit IX. Biotechnology and Its Applications

Chapter-11: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes

Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).

Chapter-12: Biotechnology and its Application

Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and
vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops;
Transgenic Animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.

Unit X. Ecology and Environment

Chapter-13: Organisms and Populations

Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche, Population and ecological
adaptations; Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation,
parasitism; Population attributesgrowth, birth rate and death rate, age
distribution.

Chapter-14: Ecosystem

Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow;
pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycles (carbon and
phosphorous); ecological succession; ecological services - carbon fixation,
pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release (in brief).

Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation

Concept of biodiversity; patterns of biodiversity; importance of biodiversity;
loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered
organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks,
sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.

Chapter-16: Environmental Issues

Air pollution and its control; water pollution and its control; agrochemicals
and their effects; solid waste management; radioactive waste management;
greenhouse effect and climate change; ozone layer depletion; deforestation;
any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s)


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