Physics Syllabus of Aliah University

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As you want I am here giving you syllabus for 5 year Integrated M. Sc in Physics course of Aliah University.

Syllabus :

Semester 1:
Physics-I
Chemistry-I
Mathematics-I
Mechanics-I
Basic Electrical &
Electronics-I
Elementary Arabic-I
English Language & Communication-I
Physics Laboratory-I
Chemistry Laboratory-I
Basic Electrical &
Electronics Laboratory-I
Engineering Drawing Physics-IA /

Semester 2:
Physics-II
Chemistry-II
Mathematics-II
Mechanics-II
Basic Electrical &
Electronics-II
Introduction to Computer to Computer Programmin
Elementary Arabic-II
English Language & Communication -II
Physics Laboratory-II
Chemistry Laboratory-II
Computer Programming Laboratory
Workshop Practice /
Physics-IIA

Semester 3:

Mathematical Physics –I & Advance Classical Mechanics-I
Physical Optics & Geometrical Optics
Heat & Thermodynamics
Chemistry-III
Mathematics-III
Environment Science
Islamic Studies-I
Physics Laboratory-III
Chemistry Laboratory-III

Semester 4:
Current Electricity
Electrostatics
Electrodynamics –I
Chemistry-IV
Mathematics-IV
Islamic Studies-II
Physics Laboratory-IV
Chemistry Laboratory-IV
syllabus for 5 year Integrated M. Sc in Physics course
FIRST YEAR
Semester-I
PHYSICS-I
1. Vectors: Vector in three dimension; Axial and polar vectors; dot and cross product, scalar triple
product and vector triple product; scalar and vector fields – gradient, divergence and curl; concept of
line, surface and volume integrals, statement of Stokes’ theorem, Divergence theorem and Green’s
theorem; 2nd order differential equation and its application in vibration and electrical circuits.
2. Mechanics of a Single particle: Velocity and acceleration of a particle in plane polar co-ordinates,
radial & transverse components of velocity & acceleration, tangential & normal acceleration; time
and path integral of force; work and energy; conservative force and concept of potential; conservation
of energy, dissipative forces; conservation of linear and angular momentum; motion of variable mass.
3. Mechanics of a system of Particles: Linear momentum, angular momentum and energy, center of
mass decomposition; equation of motion, conservation of linear and angular momentum.
PHYSICS-IA
1. Gravitation: Newton’s law of Gravitation, Gravitational potential and intensity due to thin
uniform spherical shells and solid sphere – application of Gauss’ theorem and Laplace’s equation in
simple symmetric problems.
2. Elasticity: Hook’s law, Elastic moduli and Poisson’s ratio and their interrelations – Torsion of a
cylinder – Bending of beams, Bending moment and shearing force;
Stress and strain tensor in a continuous medium; Review of problems of cantilever and beam
supported at both ends, strain energy of a bent beam.
3. Viscosity: Review of Kinematics of fluid motion – Newton’s law of viscous fluid.- stream line and
turbulent flow - Critical velocity – Reynold’s number –Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids -
Poiseuille’s equation; stoke’s law’ terminal velocity.
4. Mechanics of Ideal fluids: Equation of continuity, Euler’s equation- Bernoulli’s theorem and its
application.
5. Surface Tension: Surface energy and surface tension, – molecular theory – angle of contact –
capillary rise – Excess-pressure inside a spherical bubble and drop.
PHYSICS LABORATORY-I (50 Marks)
1. Determination of Young’s modulus of the material of a beam by the method of flexure.
2. Determination of the refractive index of a liquid by using a plane mirror and a convex lens.
3. Determination of the rigidity modulus of the material of the wire by static method.
4. Determination of the rigidity modulus of the material of the wire by dynamic method.
5. Determination of thermal conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee’s method.
6. To determine the coefficient of linear expansion of a given sample by Pullinger’s apparatus.
Semester-II
PHYSICS-II
1. Moment of Inertia: Moment of inertia and radius of gyration; Parallel and perpendicular axes
theorem; calculation of moment of inertia for simple symmetrical system; rotational kinetic
energy.
2. Thermal Conduction : Thermal conductivity – Diffusivity – Fourier equation of heat
conduction and its application to rectilinear, spherical and cylindrical flow of heat.
3. Thermal Radiation : Emissive and absorptive powers, Kirchoff’s law, black body radiation,
radiation pressure. Stefan-Boltzmann law, Newton’s law of cooling – Wien’s and Rayleigh-
Jean’s law –Planck’s law (No deduction) –solar temperature and radiation pyrometer.
4. Waves : Linear equation of plane progressive wave motion in one dimension, and in three
dimensions ; plane wave and spherical wave solutions ; intensity of a plane progressive wave ;
dispersion in wave propagation – group velocity and phase velocity.
5. Sound : Quality of sound, Noise and musical sound – Intensity and Loudness – Units of sound’s
intensity measurements – Acoustics of hall – Reverberation – Production, detection and
application of ultrasonic waves – Doppler effect – shock waves.
PHYSICS-IIA
1. Vectors-: Line, Surface and Volume integrals-- application in simple symmetric cases; statement
& proof of Gauss’ theorem, Stokes’ theorem and Green’s theorem–application to simple
symmetric problems; Orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinate systems, unit vectors in spherical and
cylindrical polar co-ordinate systems; Concept of tensor
2. Vibrations : Linear harmonic oscillator- differential equation and its solutions; Free and forced
vibrations of a damped harmonic oscillator; resonance; sharpness of resonance; a pair of linearly
coupled harmonic oscillators- eigenfrequencies and normal modes; Lissajous figure.
3. Transverse vibration in stretched strings : Wave equation – Plucked and struck strings –
eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes, energy of transverse vibrations.
4. Central force problem : Motion under central force – two constants of motion – nature of orbit
under inverse square attractive field, Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, Rutherford’s scattering.
5. Rigid body rotation : Moment of inertia about any axis – ellipsoid of inertia and inertia tensor,
location of principal axes in simple symmetric cases. Angular momentum and kinetic energy;
Inertial and non-inertial frame, Rotating frame of reference, Coriolie’s and centrifugal force –
illustration with simple examples. Euler’s theorem – Euler’s equation of motion – Force free
motion of rigid bodies – Eulerian angles – free spherical top and free symmetric top.
PHYSICS LABORATORY-II (50 Marks)
1. Determination of the surface tension of a liquid by capillary tube method and verification of
Jurin’s law.
2. Determination of the co-efficient of viscosity of a liquid by its flow through a capillary tube
(Poiseuillie’s method).
3. Determination of the focal length of a convex lens by displacement method by using an optical
bench.
4. Determination of unknown frequency of a tunning fork by using sonometer and drawing n-l curve.
5. To determine the moment of inertia of a body about an axis passing through its centre of gravity
and to determine the rigidity modulus of the material of the suspension wire.
6. Verification of Kirchhoff’s current and voltage law.
SECOND YEAR
Semester-III
MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS-I
1. Differential Equations: Second order differential equations, solvability, regular and irregular
singularities; The hyper geometric equation and functions; Confluent hyper geometric equation and
functions; Representation of Legendre, Bessel, Hermite and Laguerre functions; Gamma and Beta
functions.
2. Partial differential equations : Solution by the method of separation variables. Laplace’s
equation and its solution in Cartesian, Spherical polar and cylindrical polar co-ordinal systems. Wave
equation – its plane and spherical wave solution.
3. Integral transformation: Laplace transformation and inverse Laplace transformation; Solution of
differential equation using Fourier transforms and Laplace transformation; Dirac delta function and
its FT.
Fourier expansion - statement of Dirichlet’s condition, analysis of simple wave form, Fourier
transformations, Convolution theorem;
4. Matrix : Hermitian adjoint and inverse matrix , Hermitian and unitary matrices, Eigen values and
Eigen vector, similarity transformation, Diagonalisation of real symmetric matrix with nondegenerative
Eigen – values.
ADVANCE CLASSICAL MECHANICS-I
Generalised coordinates, constraints and degrees of freedom; D’Alembert’s principle; Lagrange’s
equation for conservative systems (from D'Alembert's principle; variational principle not required)
and its application to simple cases; Generalised momentum; Idea of cyclic coordinates, its relation
with conservation principles; Definition of Hamiltonian, Hamilton’s equation (derivation by
Legendre transformation) and its application to simple cases.
PHYSICAL OPTICS:
1. Wave theory of light: Huygen’s principle, deduction of laws of reflection and refraction.
2. Interference of light waves: Young’s Experiment, Conditions of producing sustained interference
of light, Principle of superposition, Calculation of intensity distribution due to superposition of
coherent waves & to find condition of constructive and destructive interference, hence to calculate
fringe width, Fresnel’s biprism experiment. Spatial and temporal coherence, coherent sources by
division of wave front and by division of amplitude, Stokes’ method to show change of phase due to
reflection. Interference in thin film, fringes of equal inclination & equal thickness, Newton’s ring,
Michelson’s interferometer and its use. Multiple beam interference – reflected and transmitted
pattern, Fabry – Perot interferometer and application to fine structure study.
3. Diffraction of light waves: Fresnel and Fraunhoffer classes of diffraction, Fresnel’s half period
zone, explanation of rectilinear propagation of light, zone plate. Fraunhoffer diffraction at a single slit,
double slit circular aperture (qualitative). Plane transmission diffraction grating, Rayleigh criterion of
resolution, Resolving power of prism, telescope, microscope and transmission grating.
4. Polarization of waves: Different states of polarization, Double refraction, Huygens construction
for propagation through uni-axial crystals. Polaroid’s and their uses. Nicole prism & its use as
polarizer and analyser production and analysis of plane, circularly and elliptically polarized light by
retardation plates (half wave & quarter wave plate). Optical activity – Fresnel’s explanation of optical
activity, Biquartz and half – shade polarimeter.
GEOMERTICAL OPTICS :
1. Refraction: Generalized Snell’s Law of refraction, Refraction at single curved (Spherical surface),
lens formula, combination of thin lens and equivalent lens.
2. Fermat’s Principle: laws of reflection and refraction from Fermat’s principle, both for plane and
spherical surface.
3. Cardinal points of an optical system, Location of cardinal points of a single thick lens – hence to
locate cardinal points of a thin lens. Cardinal points of system of two thin co-axial lenses separated
by a distance, equivalent lens. Different type of magnification, Helmholtz and Lagrange’s relation.
Introduction of matrix methods in paraxial optics - simple application.
4. Dispersion, Dispersive power of lens, prism. Chromatic aberration in lenses – methods of reduction
of chromatic aberration in lenses, achromatic doublet.
5. Qualitative discussions of monochromatic or siedal aberration in lenses and short discussion on
reduction of siedal aberration in lenses.
6. Optical instruments – Field of view, entrance and exit pupil, compound eyepieces – Ramsden &
Huygens type, working principle of Telescope and microscope.
HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS
1. Kinetic theory of gases: (i) Deduction of perfect gas laws – Maxwell’s distribution law – r.m.s,
mean and most probable velocity, (ii) Maxwell's distribution law both in terms of velocity and energy,
finite size of molecules, collision probability, distribution of free path and mean free paths from
Maxwell's distribution, (iii) principle of equipartition of energy: application to specific heat, Dulong
and Petit’s law. Equation of states – defect of ideal gas laws – van der walls’ equation – critical
constants, law of corresponding state; Virial coefficients.
2. Transport Phenomenon: Viscosity, thermal conductivity and diffusion in gases.
Brownian motion, Einstein’s theory, Determination of Avogadro number (Perrin's work).
3. Concept of thermodynamics: Microscopic and Macroscopic points of view: thermodynamic
variables of a system, state function, exact and inexact differentials.
Isolated system, closed system, open system, extensive and intensive properties.
4. Zeroth law and First Law of Thermodynamics : Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law and the
concept of temperature; Thermodynamic equilibrium, internal energy, external work, review of 1st
law of thermodynamics and it's applications. Perpetual motion of first kind.
5. Second Law of Thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes, Indicator diagram,
Spontaneous process, review of various statement of second law of thermodynamics. Carnot-cycle,
and it's efficiency, Carnot's theorem, Kelvin or thermodynamic scale of temperature and it's relation
with perfect gas scale, Clausius inequality, entropy, change of entropy in simple reversible and
irreversible processes, entropy change in gases and mixture of gases, entropy and disorder,
equilibrium and entropy principle, principle of degradation of energy, temperature entropy diagram.
6.Thermodynamic Functions and Maxwell's relation: Enthalpy, Helmholtz and Gibbs’ free
energies; Legendre transformations, Maxwell’s relations and simple deductions using these relations;
thermodynamic equilibrium and free energies.
7. Change of State: Equilibrium between phases, triple point, Gibb’s phase rule (statement only) and
simple applications. First and higher order phase transitions, Ehrenfest criterion. Clausius-
Clapeyron’s equation. Calculation of Joule-Thomson cooling and temperature of inversion.
8. Heat Engines: External combustion engine, Rankine cycle, Otto and Diesel cycle.
(i) Steam generators: classification, construction and functioning, mountings and accessories.
(ii) Refrigeration Cycles: Basics principles of air, vapour compression and vapour absorption
refrigeration cycles.
Optics
1. Geometrical optics:
Fermat’s principles; Laws of reflection and refraction at plane surface, Refraction at spherical
surface, lens formula, combination of thin lenses – equivalent focal length.
Dispersion and dispersive power; chromatic aberration and its remedy. Different types of seidal
aberration (qualitative) and their remedies, Eye-pieces, Principles of telescope and microscope.
2. Physical optics:
Light as an electromagnetic wave, full electromagnetic spectrum, properties of
electromagnetic waves, Huygen’s principle – explanation of the laws of reflection and refraction.
(i) Interference of light: Young’s experiment, intensity distribution, conditions of
interference in thin films – Newton’s ring.
(ii) Diffraction: Fresnel and Fraunhofer class, Fresnel’s half-period zones – zone plate.
Fraunhofer diffraction due to single slit and plane transmission grating (elementary theory) –
resolving power.
(iii) Polarization: different sets of polarization, Brewster’s law, double refraction, retardation
plate, Polaroid, optical activity.
Electrostatics & Electricity
Quantization of charge – Millikan’s oil drop experiment, Coulomb’s law, intensity and
potential of point charge, Gauss’s theorem – simple applications, potential and field due to an
electric-dipole, mechanical force on the surface of the charged conductor.
Electric displacement, capacitor, parallel plates and cylindrical, energy stored in parallel plate
capacitor.
Thermoelectricity, Magnetic effects of currents, Self-inductance, Mutual inductance, Transformer
Electric circuit elements and AC, DC circuit analysis.
Electronic Devices
Intrinsic semiconductors, electrons and holes, Fermi level, Temperature dependence of
electron and hole concentrations, doping, impurity states, n and p type semiconductors, conductivity,
mobility, Hall effect, hall coefficient. Metal semiconductor junction, p-n junction, majority and
minority carriers, diodes, Zener and tunnel diodes, transistor and solar cell.
PHYSICS LABORATORY-III (50 Marks)
1. To determine the focal length of a concave lens by combination method and hence to determine
the refractive index of the material of the lens by measuring the radii of curvature of both lenses.
2. Determination of the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field and the magnetic
moment of a magnet by employing magnetometers.
3. Determination of the average resistance per unit length of the meter bridge wire by Carey-Foster’s
method and hence to determine an unknown resistance.
4. Verification of truth tables of OR,AND,NOT, NAND and NOR gates using diode and transistor.
5. Verification of OR, AND, NOT, XOR, XNOR, NAND and NOR gates using IC and also
verification of universal gate.
6. To study the characteristics of curve of p-n junction diode and A.C and D.C resistance.
7. Determination of Planck’s constant using light emitting diode.
PHYSICS LABORATORY-III (SUBSIDIARY) (50 Marks)
1. To determine the focal length of a concave lens by combination method and hence to determine
the refractive index of the material of the lens by measuring the radii of curvature of both lenses.
2. Determination of the radius of curvature of the lower surface of a Plano-covex lens by using
Newton’s ring apparatus
3. Determination of the average resistance per unit length of the meter bridge wire by Carey-Foster’s
method and hence to determine an unknown resistance.
4. Determination of the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field and the magnetic
moment of a magnet by employing magnetometers.
5. To study the characteristics of curve of p-n junction diode and A.C and D.C resistance
6. Verification of truth tables of “OR”, “AND”, “NOT” gates using diode and transistor.
7. Determination of Planck’s constant using light emitting diode.
Semester-IV
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. Steady current: (a) Differential form of Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, Thevenin and Norton's
theorem, Maximum power transfer theorem, Superposition principle, T and Π networks.
(b) Wheatstone bridge- qualitative discussion on sensitivity of Wheatstone bridge, Application in P.O.
Box, meter bridge, working principle of potentiometer.
(c) Thermoelectricity : Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects, laws of thermoelectricity,
thermoelectric curve --- neutral and inversion temperature, thermoelectric power .
2. Magnetic effect of steady current: Lorentz force and concept of magnetic induction; force on
linear current element; Biot-Savart’s law, ∇. B=0; magnetic vector potential; calculation of vector
potential and magnetic induction in simple cases– straight wire, magnetic field due to small current
loop; magnetic dipole; field due to a dipole; magnetic shell; Ampere’s theorem; Ampere’s circuital
law – simple illustrations; force between long parallel current carrying conductors; ∇xB = μJ;
comparison between static electric and magnetic fields, moving coil galvanometer- Dead beat and
Ballastic galvanometer, Ammeter and voltmeter.
3. Properties of Magnetic materials: Free current and bound current; surface and volume density of
current distribution; magnetisation, non-uniform magnetisation of matter; Jb = ∇xM ; Ampere’s law
in terms of free current density and introduction of H; line integral of H in terms of free current;
boundary conditions for B and H, magnetic scalar potential; application of Laplace’s equation to the
problem of a magnetic sphere in uniform magnetic field; hysteresis and energy loss in ferromagnetic
material, magnetic circuit; energy stored in magnetic field, magnetic circuits and it's applications.
4. Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s and Lenz’s law; motional e.m.f.-simple problems
calculation of self and mutual inductance in simple cases, inductances in series and parallel;
reciprocity theorem, energy stored in an inductance.
5. Transient D.C. : Series L-R circuits, charging and discharging of a condenser in C-R circuits, LC-
R circuits.
6. Alternating current : Mean and r.m.s. values of current and emf with sinusoidal wave form; L-R,
C-R and series L-C-R circuits, reactance, impedance, phase-angle, power dissipation in AC circuit
power factor, vector diagram, resonance in a series and parallel circuit, Q-factor, principle of ideal
transformer, A-C bridge- principle of generalized A.C. bridge, Anderson's bridge, theory of rotating
magnetic field, induction motor.
ELECTROSTATICS
1. Coulomb’s law of electrostatics, intensity and potential, continuous charge distribution, delta
function, Gauss’ theorem – its application; Poisson and Laplace’s equations; Superposition theorem
(statement only). Application of Laplace’s equation to simple cases of symmetric spherical charge
distribution.
2. Dipoles: Multipole expansion of scalar potential- monopole, dipole, quadrapole terms; Potential
and field due to an electric dipole, work done in deflecting a dipole, dipole-dipole interaction (for
both electric and magnetic dipoles); force on dipole in a non-homogeneous field.
3. Dielectrics: Polarization, electric displacement vector (D), Gauss’s theorem in dielectric media;
boundary conditions, electrostatic field energy; computation of capacitance in simple cases (parallel
plates); spherical and cylindrical capacitors containing dielectrics – uniform and non-uniform.
4. Electrical Images: Uniqueness theorem, Solution of field problems in case of a point charge near
a grounded conducting infinite plane. Boundary value problem : in uniform external field for (a)
conducting spherical shell and (b) dielectric sphere, problems on earthed conducting sphere and
insulated conducting sphere.
ELECTRODYNAMICS-I
1. Generalization of Ampere’s Law, Equation of continuity, Displacement Current, Maxwell’s Field
Equations, Wave equation for electromagnetic (EM) field and its solution – plane wave and spherical
wave solutions, transverse nature of field, relation between E and B, energy density of field, Poynting
vector and Poynting’s theorem, boundary conditions.
2. EM Waves in an isotropic dielectric, Wave equation, reflection and refraction at plane boundary,
reflection and transmission coefficients, Fresnel’s formula, change of phase on reflection, polarization
on reflection and Brewster’s law, total internal reflection.
3. Electromagnetic Waves in Conducting medium, Reflection and transmission at metallic surfaceskin
effect and skin depth, Propagation of electromagnetic waves between parallel conducting platewave
guides (rectangular only).
4. Dispersion - normal and anomalous, Equation of motion of an electron in a radiation field : Lorentz
theory of dispersion Sellmeier’s and Cauchy’s formulae, absorptive and dispersive mode, half power
frequency, band width.
5. Scattering, Scattering of radiation by a bound charge, Rayleigh’s scattering (qualitative ideas), blue
of the sky, absorption.

Address:
Aliah University
DN-18
DN Block, Sector V, Salt Lake City
Kolkata, West Bengal 700091

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