NIPER exam Syllabus

Hi I want to appear in NIPER exam so can you provide me the syllabus for this exam ?

[Arun Vats]

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) has been created as a center of excellence for higher training, research and development in pharmaceutical sciences and technology and its first institute of this kind in the country.

Syllabus-

Subject/Course-
M.S.(Pharm)
Medicinal Chemistry
Pharmaceutical Analysis
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Pharmaceutics

Ph.D-
Medicinal Chemistry
Pharmaceutical analysis
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Laboratory Safety

Course Name -

Medicinal Chemistry
M.S (Pharm)

Semester-I

Basics of Drug Action
Spectral Analysis
Logic in Organic Synthesis-I
Separation Techniques
Chemotherapy of Parasitic and Microbial Infections
Industrial Process and Scale-up Techniques
Biostatistics
Seminar
General Laboratory Experience

Semester-II
Drug Design
Logic in Organic Synthesis-II
Structure and Function of Bimolecules
Stereochemistry and Drug Action
Drug Metabolism
Pharmacological Screening and Assays
Seminar
General Laboratory Experience in the area of Specialization
Total Credits
Semester-III
Project (22 weeks)
Synopsis
Presentation

Semester-IV-
Thesis 9
Defence of thesis 3

Medicinal Chemistry
M.S (Pharm)
Course No. Course Name Credits
Semester-I
MC-510 Basics of Drug Action 2
MC-511 Spectral Analysis 2
MC-520 Logic in Organic Synthesis-I 3
NP-510 Separation Techniques 1
PC-540 Chemotherapy of Parasitic and Microbial Infections 1
PT-510 Industrial Process and Scale-up Techniques 1
GE-510 Biostatistics 2
GE-511 Seminar 1
LG-510 General Laboratory Experience 3

Total Credits 16
Semester-II
MC-610 Drug Design 2
MC-620 Logic in Organic Synthesis-II 3
MC-630 Structure and Function of Biomolecules 2
MC-650 Stereochemistry and Drug Action 2
PC-610 Drug Metabolism 1
PC-611 Pharmacological Screening and Assays 1
GE-611 Seminar 1
LS-610 General Laboratory Experience in the area of Specialization 2

Total Credits 14
Semester-III
Project (22 weeks)
TH-598 Synopsis 5
TH-599 Presentation 3

Total Credits 8
Semester-IV
TH-698 Thesis 9
TH-699 Defence of thesis 3
Total Credits 12
Total Credits (I to IV semesters) 50

Semester-I
MC-510 Basics of Drug Action (2 credits)
1. Inter and intramolecular interactions: Weak interactions in drug molecules; Chirality and drug action;
Covalent, ion, ion-dipole, hydrogen bonding, C-H hydrogen bonding, dihydrogen bonding, van der
Waals interactions and the associated energies.
2. Energy concept and its importance in drug action; First, second and third laws of thermodynamics
and the principles derived from these laws which are of significance to drug action; Free energy and
relationship between thermodynamics and statistics; Importance of chemical potential in drug action;
Thermodynamic cycle.
3. Statistical thermodynamics in predicting the structure of biomolecules and their interaction with drug
molecules; Macromolecular vs. micromolecular correlation using thermodynamics and statistical
thermodynamics.
4. Receptorology: Drug-receptor interactions, receptor theories and drug action; Occupancy theory, rate
theory, induced fit theory, macromolecular perturbation theory, activation-aggregation theory.
Topological and stereochemical consideration
5. Kinetics, enzyme kinetics in drug action. Do all molecules of an enzyme have same kinetics?
Mechanisms of enzyme catalysis; Electrostatic catalysis and desolvation; Covalent catalysis, acidbase
catalysis, strain / distortion in enzyme catalysis; Coenzyme catalysis; Example based on
hemoglobin; Theories of enzyme inhibition and inactivation; Enzyme activation of drugs-prodrugs.
6. Nucleic acids (NA) as targets for drug action; NA-interactive agents; Classes of drugs that interact
with nucleic acids; Intercalation, NA-alkylation, NA-strand breaking and their importance in drug
action.
7. Drug like molecules and theories associated with the recognition of drug like properties.
8. Physical organic chemistry of drug metabolism, drug deactivation and elimination;
Phase-I and phase-II transformations; Concept of hard and soft drugs; Chemistry of ADME and
toxicity properties of drugs.

MC-511 Spectral Analysis (2 credits)
1. Ultra violet and visible spectroscopy: Energy levels and selection rules, Woodward-Fieser and
Fieser-Kuhn rules; Influence of substituent, ring size and strain on spectral characteristics; Solvent
effect; Stereochemical effect; Non-conjugated interactions. Spectral correlation with structure
2. Infrared spectroscopy (IR): Characteristic regions of the spectrum. Influence of substituents, ring
size, hydrogen bonding, vibrational coupling and field effect on frequency. Determination of
stereochemistry; Spectral interpretation with examples
3. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR): Magnetic nuclei, chemical shift and shielding,
relaxation processes, chemical and magnetic non-equivalence, local diamagnetic shielding and
magnetic anisotropy, spin-spin splitting, Pascal’s triangle, coupling constant, mechanism of coupling,
quadrupole broadening and decoupling, effect of conformations and stereochemistry on the
spectrum, diastereomeric protons, virtual coupling, long range coupling-epi, peri, bay effects. Shift
reagents-mechanism of action, spin decoupling and double resonance.
4. Mass Spectrometry (MS): Molecular ion and metastable peak, fragmentation patterns, nitrogen and
ring rules, McLafferty rearrangement, electron and chemical ionization modes, applications.

MC-520 Logic in Organic Synthesis-I (3 Credits)
1. Organic reaction mechanism : Methods of determining reaction mechanisms (kinetic and non-kinetic
methods); Energy profile diagrams, reaction intermediates, crossover experiments and isotopic
labelling; Order of reactions, reversible, consecutive and parallel reactions, solvent, ionic strength
and salt effects; Acid-base catalysis; Nucleophilic substitution reactions; Uni- and bimolecular
reactions, attacking and leaving groups, steric and electronic effects; Neighbouring group
participation; Formation and hydrolysis of esters, amides and acyl halides; Different mechanisms.
Electrophilic substitution reactions; Aromatic electrophilic substitutions including Friedel-Crafts
reactions; Addition and elimination reactions.
2. Principles of synthetic planning : Logic-centered molecular synthesis; Dislocation, synthetic tree,
synthons, logical imposition of boundary conditions, direct associated approach; Structurefunctionality
relationships, functionality and unsaturation levels; Polar reactivity analysis; Control
elements, consonant and dissonant circuits; Protocol for synthetic design.
3. Alkylation : Enolates; Regio- and stereo-selective enolate generation, “O” versus “C”- alkylation,
effects of solvent, counter cation and electrophiles; Symbiotic effect; Thermodynamically and
kinetically controlled enolate formations; Various transition-state models to explain stereoselective
enolate formation; Enamines and metallo-enamines; Regioselectivity in generation, applications in
controlling the selectivity of alkylation.
4. Reaction of ylides: Phosphorous ylides; Structure and reactivity, stabilized ylides, effects of ligands
on reactivity, Wittig, Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons (HWE) reactions- mechanistic realizations; E/Z
selectivity for olefin formation, Schlosser modification; Petersons olefin synthesis. Sulphur Ylides;
Stabilized and non-stabilized ylides; Thermodynamically and kinetically controlled reactions with
carbonyl compounds, regio- and stereo-selective reactions.
5. Hydroboration : Control of chemo-, regio- and stereo-selectivity, rearrangement of alkylboranes;
Alkylboranes as organometallic reagents, e.g., 9-BBN, thexylboranes, siamylborane, chiral boranes-
Ipc2BH IpcBH2 etc.

NP-510 Separation Techniques (1 Credit)
1. Chromatography: General principles, classification of chromatographic techniques, normal and
reversed phase, bonded phase, separation mechanisms.
2. Column chromatography: Merits and demerits, short-column chromatography and flash
chromatography, vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), medium pressure liquid chromatography,
high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).
3. TLC, HPTLC, over pressure layer chromatography (OPLC), centrifugal chromatography.
4. Counter-current chromatography, droplet counter-current chromatography, ion-exchange, affinity,
size exclusion and ion-pair chromatography.
5. Gas chromatography, introduction to GC-MS and LC-MS techniques.

PC-540 Chemotherapy of Parasitic and Microbial Infections (1 Credit)
1. Introduction to parasitic and infectious diseases.
2. Biology of tuberculosis.
3. Mechanism of action of antituberculosis drugs.
4. Targets for anti-tuberculosis drug development.
5. Mechanism of drug-resistance in tuberculosis.
6. Biology of human amoebiasis.
7. Mechanism of action anti-amoebic drugs.
8. Biology of filarial infections.
9. Mechanism of action of anti-filarial drugs.
10. Targets of anti-filarial drug development.
11. Biology of viral infection.
12. Mechanism of action of anti-HIV drugs.
13. Targets for anti-HIV drug development.
14. Biology of malaria.
15. Mechanism of action of anti-malarial drugs.
16. Targets for anti-malarial drug development.
17. Mechanism of drug-resistance in malaria.
18. Biology of leishmaniasis.
19. Mechanism of action of anti leishmanial drugs.
20. Targets for anti-leishmanial drug development.
21. Drug-resistance in leishmaniasis.

PT-510 Industrial Process and Scale up Techniques (1 credit)
1. Status of pharmaceutical industry (bulk drugs, natural products and formulations) in India vis-a-vis
industrialized nations.
2. Scale-up techniques for process optimization, maximization of productivity, in process control
techniques with examples.
3. Chemical technology of selected bulk drugs; Case studies with emphasis on rationale for selection of
routes, raw materials, process control methods, pollution control procedures etc. (examples depicting
novel routes); Data collection during pilot plant trails, preparations of flow diagrams, material balance
sheets and technical data sheets.
4. Isolation techniques for natural products from plants, animals, marine and microbial sources.
5. Process technologies for some selected natural products of commercial interest.
6. Scale-up techniques for industrial pharmacy, typical standard operating procedures for different
dosage forms; In-process control procedures.
7. Pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment in bulk drugs and formulations.

GE-510 Biostatistics (2 credits)
1. Statistics: Introduction, its role and uses. Collection; Organization; Graphics and pictorial
representation of data; Measures of central tendencies and dispersion. Coefficient of variation.
2. Probability: Basic concepts; Common probability distributions and probability distributions related to
normal distribution.
3. Sampling: Simple random and other sampling procedures. Distribution of sample mean and
proportion.
4. Estimation and hypothesis testing: Point and interval estimation including fiducial limits.Concepts of
hypothesis testing and types of errors. Student- t and Chi square tests.Sample size and power.
5. Experimental design and analysis of variance: Completely randomized, randomized blocks. Latin
square and factorial designs. Post- hoc procedures.
6. Correlation and regression: Graphical presentation of two continuous variables; Pearson’s product
moment correlation coefficient, its statistical significance. Multiple and partial correlations. Linear
regression; Regression line, coefficient of determination, interval estimation and hypothesis testing
for population slope. Introduction to multiple linear regression model. Probit and logit transformations.
7. Non-parametric tests: Sign; Mann-Whitney U; Wilcoxon matched pair; Kruskal wallis and Friedman
two way ANOVA tests. Spearman rank correlation.
8. Statistical techniques in pharmaceutics: Experimental design in clinical trials; Parallel and crossover
designs. Statistical test for bioequivalence. Dose response studies;Statistical quality control.

GE-511 Seminar (1 credit)
1. Introduction, information retrieval systems.
2. Writing term papers and reports.
3. Organization of scientific material, thesis, dissertation and references.
4. Reading research papers.
5. Skill in oral presentation.
Each student has to present a seminar before end of the semester.

LG-510 General Laboratory Experience 15 hours/week (3 credits)
1. Analytical Techniques (75 hours)
a. Spectral Analysis workshop (45 hours)
b. Separation Techniques (30 hours)
2. Computer and application in pharmaceutical sciences (100 hours): Introduction to computers, basic
unit and functions, H/W and S/W, operating systems, word processing, spread sheet, graphic
programs, dbase, windows, statistical S/W programs and packages. Steps involved in S/W
development, computer languages with emphasis to FORTRAN language and programming, hands
on experience in pharmaceutical software systems. Use of computers in information retrieval
systems
3. Specialization (95 hours): Two to three step synthesis involving Wittig reaction, glycidic ester
condensation, etc. Purification by chromatographic technique and identification by IR, NMR, and MS

Semester-II
MC-610 Drug Design (2 credits)
1. Structure Activity Relationships in drug design: Qualitative versus quantitative approaches,
advantages and disadvantages; Random screening, nonrandom screening, drug metabolism studies,
clinical observations, rational approaches to lead discovery; Homologation, chain branching, ringchain
transformations, bioisosterism; Insights into molecular recognition phenomenon; Structure
based drug design, ligand based drug design.
2. Molecular Modeling: Energy minimization, geometry optimization, conformational analysis, global
conformational minima determination; Approaches and problems; Bioactive vs. global minimum
conformations; Automated methods of conformational search; Advantages and limitations of
available software; Molecular graphics; Computer methodologies behind molecular modeling
including artificial intelligence methods.
3. QSAR: Electronic effects; Hammett equation, Lipophilicity effects; Hansch equation, Steric Effects;
Taft Equation; Experimental and theoretical approaches for the determination of physico-chemical
parameters, parameter inter-dependence; Case studies; Regression analysis, extrapolation versus
interpolation, linearity versus non-linearity; The importance of biological data in the correct form; 2D –
QSAR; 3D-QSAR-examples CoMFA and CoMSIA.
4. Molecular docking and dynamics: Rigid docking, flexible docking, manual docking; Advantages and
disadvantages of flex-X, flex-S, autodock and dock softwares with successful examples; Monte Carlo
simulations and molecular dynamics in performing conformational search, docking etc.
5. Pharmacophore: Concept, pharmacophore mapping, methods of conformational search used in
pharmacophore mapping; Comparison between the popular pharmacophore methods like
catalyst/HipHop, DiscoTech, GASP, etc. with practical examples.
6. Electronic structure methods and quantum chemical methods: Semi-empirical and ab initio methods;
Conformational analysis, energy minimization, comparison between global minimum conformation
and bioactive conformation; Predicting the mechanism of organic reactions using electronic structure
methods; Complete and constrained conformational search methods their advantages and
disadvantages; Theoretical aqueous solvation calculations for the design of ligands. Conformational
interconversion, transition-state determination and their role in designing rigid analogs
7. De novo drug design techniques.
8. Informatics methods in drug design: Bioinformatics, cheminformatics, genomics, proteomics,
chemogenomics, pharmainformatics; ADME databases, chemical biochemical and pharmaceutical
databases; Drug design techniques using these databases.

MC-620 Logic in Organic Synthesis-II (3 credits)
1. Metal/ammonia reduction: Reduction of mono-, bi- and tri-cyclic aromatic systems and various
functional groups, reductive alkylation, regio- and stereo- selectivity; Reduction of alkynes; Complex
metal hydrides and selectrides.
2. Reaction of electron-deficient intermediates: Carbene-nitrene and free radical-structure, stability and
modes of generation; Addition and insertion reactions of carbenoids and nitrenoids - regio- and
stereoselectivity, role of the metal catalysts in the transition-metal catalyzed reactions, other types of
reaction of carbenoids, e.g., ylide generation, 1,3-dipolar addition, rearrangement etc.; Intramolecular
radical trapping process leading to ring annulation - Baldwin’s rule.
3. Organometallics: Applications of organo-lithium, cadmium and cerium reagents, heteroatom directed
lithiation; Oxy- and amido-mercurations; Gilman reagent, mixed and higher order cuprates, uses in
nucleophilic substitution, cleavage of epoxides and conjugate addition reactions; Mechanism of
action; Spiro-annulation; Wacker oxidation, Wilkinson’s catalyst, carbonylation/hydroformylation
reactions; Heck arylation; Role of metal- ligands in controlling regio- and stereo-selectivity; Catalytic
and stoichiometric oxidation reactions; Homogeneous and heterogenous processes; Chemoselective
reactions; Bio-mimicking processes.
4. Umpolung and umpoled sythons: Concept, acyl and glycine cation/anion, homoenolate anion, vicinyl
dicarbonian, carbonyl dication equivalence etc.
5. Asymmetric synthesis: Chiral induction-factors controlling facial selectivity; Chiral reagents/catalysts,
auxiliaries, enzymes and antibodies; Kinetic resolution, double asymmetric induction, acyclic
diastereoselection, asymmetric amplification; Asymmetric synthesis of amino acids and beta lactams.
6. Concerted reactions and photochemistry: Molecular orbital symmetry, frontier orbitals of 1,3-
butadiene, 1,3,5- hexatrienes, allyl system, classification of pericyclic reactions; FMO approach,
Woodward-Hoffman correlation diagram method and PMO approach to pericyclic
reactions;Electrocyclic reactions- conrotatory and disrotatory motions, [4n], [4n+2] and allyl systems,
secondary orbiatl interaction; Cycloaddition- antarafacial and suprafacial additions, [4n] and [4n+2]
sytems with stereo chemical effects, 1,3 -dipolar cycloadditions, chelotropic reactions; Sigmatropic
rearrangements-supra and antarafacial shifts of H, sigmatropic shifts of carbon moiety, retention and
inversion of configuration, [3,3] and [3,5] sigmatropic rearrangements, fluxional tautomerism, ene
reactions; Franck-Condon principle, Jablonski diagram, singlet and triplet states, photosensitization,
quantum efficiency; Photochemistry of carbonyl compounds, norish type-I and type-II cleavages,
Paterno-Büchi reaction, photoreduction, photochemistry of enones and para-benzoquinones.
7. Synthesis of complex molecules: Various approaches for the synthesis of Taxol, Forskolin, FK-506,
Gibberellines, Prostaglandins, Spatol, Aphidicolin etc. on the basis of disconnection and direct
associative approaches.

MC-630 Structure and Function of Biomolecules (2 credits)
1. Methods for the determination of structure of biomolecules: Biological crystallography- crystallization
data collection, refinement, identification of active site, phase determination heavy atom derivatives,
electron density maps; Differences in the small molecule and biomolecules crystallography;
Spectrofluorimetry-basic principles of fluorescence, intensity of fluorescence, fluorescent group,
sensitivity of fluorescence to environment and biological applications; Optical activity measurements,
ORD/CD applications to nucleic acids and proteins; Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and
theormogravimetric analysis (TA) of biomolecules and other thermodynamics based instrumental
methods estimating the structural features of biomolecules.
2. Properties of amino acids and peptide bond, end group determination of peptides, sequencing of
peptides using various chemical and analytical techniques; Application of various structural
determination techniques with case studies like LHRH and TRH peptide.
3. Protein structure building block to quaternary structure of proteins; Ramachandran plots;
Peptidomimetics; Protein-ligand interactions; Multiple binding modes.
4. Structure of lipoproteins and glycoproteins in relation to their function.
5. Structure of lipids, polysaccharides and carbohydrates; Relationship between their physico-chemical
properties and their biological function.
6. Detailed structure of nucleic acids and protein-nucleic acid interactions; Nucleic acid and small
molecule interactions; DNA damage and repair.
7. Structure and function of biomolecules pertaining to different thearapeutic areas: Cancer- tubulinerole
in cell proliferation, various binding sites, the chemistry and biology of tubuline inhibitors; farnesyl
transferase- X-ray structure, ras protein and its role; Inflammation- COX-1 and COX-2 their structures
and physiological role; Hyperlipidimia- HMG-CoA its structure and role in cholesterol manipulation.

MC-650 Stereochemistry and Drug Action (2 credits)
1. Molecular isomerism: Molecular motion, time scales and energy; Conformation of open chain and
saturated cyclic systems.
2. Chirality and molecular symmetry; Nomenclature and representations; Macromolecular
stereochemistry; Dynamic stereochemistry.
3. Resolution procedures: Biological and chemical; Analytical chiral integrity determinations; Pfeiffer rule
and its violations; Recent attempts to develop continuous scale for chirality; Chiral ligands as
topological probes.
4. Realization that stereoselectivity is a pre-requisite for evolution; Role of chirality in selective and
specific therapeutic agents; Case studies; Enantioselectivity in drug absorption, metabolism,
distribution and elimination.

PC-610 Drug Metabolism (1 credit)
1. Biotransformation of drugs, enzymes responsible for bio-transformations, microsomal and
non-microsomal mechanisms; Factors influencing enzyme induction and inhibition.
2. Extraction of drugs, biliary and fecal excretion; Factors effecting drug metabolism; Drug metabolism
in fetus and new born; Models to study drug metabolism; Dose effect relationships.
3. Adverse drug reactions and drug interactions; Toxic reactions, allergic reactions, idiosy-ncracy, acute
poisoning and its treatment.

PC-611 Pharmacological Screening and Assays (1 credit)
1. General principles of screening, correlations between various animal models and human situations,
animal ethics.
2. Pharmacological screening models for therapeutic areas such as hypertension, cerebral ischaemia,
pain, epilepsy, depression, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetic, leishmania etc.
3. Correlation between in-vitro and in-vivo screens; Special emphasis on cell based assay, biochemical
assay, radioligand binding assay, high through put screening, high through put pharmacokinetic
analysis, specific use of reference drugs and interpretation of results.

GE-611 Seminar (1 credit)
Students are required to submit written record and present details of the project to be pursued in
semester-III. This should include the purpose and basis of the project, stating aims, objectives and
probable outcomes, be able to supplement these with necessary information, literature review
towards it and process for the project itself.

LS-610 General Laboratory Experience 10 hours/week (2 credits)
Synthesis of a complex drug includes 4 to 5 steps, isolate each product, analyze all the intermediate
and final products using spectral and other analytical methods, report the yield, study the theoretical
organic chemistry using computation methods for the same reaction and learn the techniques of
molecular modeling.

Ph.D. courses
MC-710 Asymmetric Synthesis (2 credits)
1. General concept: Differentiation of molecules, group selectivity, topicity and prochirality, substrate
and product selectivities, necessary conditions for stereoselectivity, concept of enantio/diastereodifferentiation,
methods of inducing stereo-selectivity, strategies for stereoselective synthesis,
kinetics and thermodynamics of stereoselective reactions, modifications of CIP classification of
chirality- constitutional properties of CIP system, continuous symmetry measure of chirality-degree of
shape chirality, topological Chirality and significance of drug stereochemistry.
2. Determination of enantiomeric purity: Various tools, chiral derivatizing agents, chiral shift reagents,
chiral solvating agents. Racemization, Separation of enantiomers by Kinetic resolution, enzymatic
resolution and chromatography
3. Enantioselective synthesis: Stereoselective catalytic reduction- homogeneous hydrogenation (chiral
ligands, effect of solvent/ pressure/ temperature/ addendum, substrate dependence of
enantioselectivity, mechanistic aspects), stereoselective heterogeneous hydrogenation,
hydrogenation, hydrosilylation, hydrocyanation; stereoselective oxidation – enantio /
diastereoselective epoxydation and dihydroxylation, ligand accelerated catalysis; Asymmetric
alkylation; Self replication of chirality- catalytic self-replicating molecules, control of Chirality memory,
Pi -stacking effect, selectivity and mechanism of catalytic asymmetric synthesis.
4. Stereroselective C-C bond formation: Nucleophilic addition to C=X (X=C, O, S, N), Stereoselective
hydroformylation, Pericyclic reaction – asymmetric induction in [3+2] and [2+2] cycloaddition,
stereoselective carbene addition, chirality transfer in sigmatropic rearrangements.

MC-720 Principles of Peptide Chemistry (2 Credits)
1. Importance of peptides in drug discovery
2. Protection and Deprotection of amino acids: General aspects, need for protection, minimal versus
global protection, protection of amino group by acid and base labile groups, protection of carboxyl
group, concept of orthogonal protection in peptide synthesis, importance of side-chain functional
group protection and details of protective groups used for masking individual amino acids, methods
used for deprotection.
3. Coupling reactions in peptide synthesis
4. Side reactions in peptide synthesis: Deletion peptides, side reactions initiated by proton abstraction,
protonation, over-activation and side reactions of individual amino acids
5. Segment and sequential strategies for solution phase peptide synthesis with case studies
6. Principle of solid phase peptide synthesis, t-BOC and FMOC protocols, various solid supports and
linkers: Activation procedures, peptide bond formation, deprotection and cleavage from resin, low
and high HF cleavage protocols, formation of free peptides and peptide amides, purification and case
studies, site-specific chemical modifications of peptides

MC-730 Carbohydrates (2 Credits)
1. Overview, as an introduction to the topic and to emphasize the importance of carbohydrates in food
and nutrition and biology.
2. Discussion on the structures, shapes and various sources of carbohydrates. This may complement
course “MC-630 Structure and Function of Biomolecules” in certain respects.
3. Reactions of carbohydrates: Discussion on the relative reactivities of the hydroxyl groups;
preparation of carbohydrate derivatives (esters, ethers, acetals etc.)
4. Synthesis: Discussion on the chemical and enzymatic methods after highlighting the need for
synthesis.
5. Carbohydrate-based drugs: Discussion on various drugs (aminoglycoside antibiotics including
glycopeptides, enediynes, macrolides, anthracyclines, etc., alkaloid, steroid and terpenoid.
Glycosides: polyphenol glycosides etc.) that contains carbohydrate moiety (moieties) including
polysaccharide therapeutics.
6. Polysaccharide vaccines.

MC-740 Advanced Topics in Drug Action and Drug Design (1 Credit)
Molecular recognition and supra-molecular chemistry; Molecular associations involving weak
interactions; Solvation effects on molecular associations;
Metalloenzymes in medicinal chemistry; Metals in medicine- reversible and irreversible enzyme
inhibition; Mechanisms of drug activation; Enzyme activation of drugs; Bioprocess prodrugs,
chemistry of metabolic reactions; Organic chemistry of drug metabolism- conjugation reactions,
reductive reactions, oxidative reactions.
Molecular interaction fields- Molecular electrostatic potentials in understanding drug action; Drug
action on biomembranes- organic chemistry of drug permeability through membranes; Molecular
similarity and molecular diversity in drug design.

For more details here I am attaching a pdf file of syllabus for you

I am preparing for the NIPER exam. Would you like to share the NIPER exam Syllabus so I can start to prepare for the exam?

[Kiran Chandar]

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) conducts the NIPMER Joint Entrance Exam (JEE) for admission in M. Pharm, M. Tech. (Pharm), M.S. (Pharm.) and Ph.D. Programmes.

As per your request, I am giving you syllabus for the NIPMER exam.

Medicinal chemistry

1. IUPAC nomenclature, R and S nomenclature, E and Z isomerism, ,

2. Conformations

3. Hybridization, aromaticity, Huckles rule reaction mechanisms- Electrophilic, Nucleophilic , SN1, SN2, Elimination E1 E2 etc.

4. Ester hydrolysis, Aac1 Aac2……all eight mechanisms(Jerry march) Markovnikoves rule, Bredts rule, Stereoselectivity, stereospecificity, regioselesctivity, chemoselectivity, chirality, stereochemistry, conformations, rearrangements, acids and bases.

5. Imine-enamine Tautamerism, keto-enol tautamerism, pericyclic reactions, racemic mixture, resolution methods.

6. Amino acids proteins, various methods for amino acid detection, Ninhydrin test, peptide sequencing, structures of amino acids, essential and nonessential amino acids,

7. Introduction to thermal methods of analysis like, TGA, DSC DTA etc.

8. Carbohydrates classification, osazone test, mutarotation, etc,

9. Various Heterocycles, Heterocycle synthesis, reactions,.

10. Introduction to Redox reactions

11. Spectroscopy: (basics specially): VVIMP topic.

12. NMR, and C-NMR ranges from Morrison & Boyd

13. Mass, Basic concepts about various peaks M+1, molecular ion, base peak etc. IR, Frequencies of various groups specially carbonyls. UV (finding the lamda max values)

14. Chromatography: detailed especially HPLC, HPTLC and other modern techniques and basic fundamental theory like van demeter equation, resolution, hetp etc.

15. Reaction kinetics, first second third and pseudo first order reactions, radiolabelling for determination of mechanism.

16. Common condensation reactions like aldol, claisen perkin , dickmenn, darzen etc.

17. Other reactions like cannizarros reaction, prins reaction, especially reactions of carbonyl compounds.

References:

1. Jerry March

2. Morrison and Boyd

3. I. L. Finar Vol-I and Vol-II

Natural Products:

In natural products more stress should be given on phytochemistry part rather than pharmacognosy aspects but you should know about

biological sources and chemical constituents.

1. Methods of extraction, isolation and characterization of natural products. Various

separation techniques used for isolation of natural products.

2. Biosynthetic pathways.

3. Primary metabolites, their examples.

4. Secondary metabolites, various classes of secondary metabolites (eg. Alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, lignans, saponins, lipids, flavonoids, coumarins, etc.). Here most imp. part is chemistry of these classes.

5. Important therapeutic classes: antidiabetics, hepatoprotectives, immmunomodulators, neutraceuticals, natural products for gynaecological disorders, anti-cancer, anti-viral

(mainly anti-HIV), adaptogens etc.

6. Dietary antioxidants, Marine natural products, Plant growth regulators.

7. Fischer projection formulas.

8. Biological sources of important classes of natural products. (Selected ones only)

9. Standardization of natural products, analytical pharmacognosy.

10. What is difference between natural products and pharmacognosy ?

11. Some knowledge about types and preparation of ayurvedic formulatios like asava, arista etc.

References:

For various therapeutic classes: Trease and Evans
Pharmacology and toxicology:

1. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacological effect, desired, undesired, toxic, adverse effects.

2. Bioavailability, bioequivalence, various factors of ADME

3. Drug metabolism: various pathways and other details.

4. Drug interactions, agonist, antagonist, partial agonist, protein binding, drug distribution, distribution volume, excretion pathways etc.

5. Mechanism of drug action, drug-receptor interaction.

6. Various adrenergic, cholinergic and other receptors

7. Detailed study of CNS pharmacology specially opiod receptors

8. Study of basis of threshold areas of work in NIPER in pharmacology dept. mentioned in brochure.

9. Diseases: study of the pharmacology of the diseases and drugs used with mode of action especially of diabetes, malaria, leishmaniasis, TB, hypertension, myocardial ischemia, inflammation, and immunomodualtion.

10. Chemotherapy and pathophysiology- knowledge of antibiotics, their mode of

action and the microorganisms responsible for various common diseases.

11. Bioassay methods, various requirements. Brief knowledge of the statistical tests.

References:

a. F. S. K. Barar

b. Rang and Dale

c. K.D. Tripathi

d. Lippincott’s review by Pamela Champe and Ian Harvey
Pharmaceutics and Formulation

1. Drug delivery systems (DDS): NDDS models, osmotic pumps, various release patterns

eg. Controlled release, delayed release. Sustained release etc., order of release. Oral controlled DDS, factors affecting controlled release.

2. Carriers in DDS: polymers and their classification, types, carbohydrates, surfactants,

proteins, lipids, prodrugs etc.

3. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS): principles, absorption enhancers, evaluation of TDDS.

4. Parenterals: requirements, advantages, disadvantages, release pattern, route of drug

delivery.

5. Drug targeting: microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes, monoclonal antibodies, etc.

and some idea on polymers used in this field.

6. Preformulation detailed.

7. Complexation, solubilization, polymerization, viscosity measurements.

8. Dosage form development- stages, implications of dosage form.

9. Additives of formulation, types, examples, advantages, disadvantages, drug excipient

interaction, incompatibility, various types of incompatibilities.

10. Dosage forms: solid (tablets, capsules, pills etc), liquid (emulsion, suspension etc),

sterile ( injectables), aerosols. Principles, advantages, disadvantages and problems.

11. Packaging: materials, labeling etc. Types of containers (eg. Tamper-proof containers)

12. In process controls, Product specification, documentation.

13. Compartmental modeling.

14. Bioavailability, bioequivalence studies. Methods of improvement of oral bioavailability.

15. Evaluation of formulation, principles and methods of release control in oral formulations.

References:

1. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences

2. Lachmann,

3. Alfred Martin,
Pharmaceutical analysis:

1. Stability testing of pharmaceuticals, various stability tests, kinetic studies, shelf life determination, thermal stability, formulation stability.

2. Various analytical techniques

3. Tests: physical and chemical tests, limit tests, microbiological tests, biological tests, disintegration and dissolution tests.

4. Thermal techniques: DSC, DTA, TGA, etc.

5. Chromatography- detailed.

6. QA and QC: GLP, TQM, ISO system.

7. Solubility: pH, pka, surfactant HLB values, Rheology. (IMP)

8. Crystallinity, polymorphism, solvates and hydrates, crystal habits, porosity, surface area flow properties.

9. Dosage forms, Stages of dosage form development

10. Osmolality, osmolarity, osmotic pressure, conductivity,
Biotechnology

Here biotechnology is some what different than normal biotechnological institute so not too much worry about this portion.

1. Gene expression, mutation, replication, transcription, translation, recombination,

bacteriophages.

2. Fermentation: fermenters, fermentation process, its regulation, conditions, bioprocessors, various enzymes in fermentation technology. Fermentation of Antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, hydroxy acids such as lactic acid etc.

3. Gene therapy: methods and applications.

4. Monoclonal antibodies, insulin, interferons, enkephylins, angiotensin analogues and other peptides.

5. Enzymes, types of enzymes and enzyme kinetics etc.

6. Use of microorganisms in pharmaceutical industries.

Practice of Pharmacy:

Adverse Drug Reactions,

Rational drug use as well as some typical case studies in diabetes and hypertension and

some case study regarding cvs and antiinffective.

Therapeutic drug monitoring
Hospital pharmacy & Clinical research

* You should give attention to statistics in which mean, median, mode, anova, paired ttest.

*Pharmacy Act and D&C act. and knowledge about important laboratories of India and

there location.


Very frequently asked question:

*Polarity of solvents for chromatography

* Rf values for better separation.

* Absorbent in reverse phase chromatography

* Partition coefficient between liquid-liquid phase

* Naming of peptides (i.e. pentapeptide, hexapeptide)

* Hetero and homo diens

* Setro of biphenyl,cyclohexane (conformations)

* Haemllet equation and saturation kinetics

* IR frequency of carbonyl compounds

* Solvents for IR and NMR

* Mechanism of action of barbiturates, pyrimethamine, co trimoxazole

* Technique for separation of isomers and racemic mixture.

* Applications of spectroscopic technique

* Gas laws (boyle charles etc)

* Polymers in pharmaceutics.

* Calculation for J value (NMR)

* Isomers of important phytopharmaceuticals and its use.

* Alpha carotene contains how many rings

* Squalene contains how many isoprene units

* Use of each 5 HT receptors

* Measurement of flow properties and its importance

* Role of excipients and stage of addition of each

* Solvents for oral use, iv use and reconstitution

* All IP standards for tablets and capsules

* Accelerated stability testing

* Applications of various mixers and dryers

* Identification of peaks in mass spectroscopy

* Surfactants its classification and HLB values for different surfactants

* Anti malarial drugs their structure, iupac, mechanism of action

* Enzymes as biomarkers in various disease state

* Protein binding of important drugs

* Vitamins: name, deficiency ,