MDU First SEM Syllabus

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M.Sc (Geology) 1st SEM

1st SEM
Geomorphology
Structural Geology
Crystallography
Igneous Petrology
Practical- Structural Geology
Practical- Crystallography
Practical- Petrology

2nd SEM
Geomorphology & Remote Sensing
Structural Geology & Tectonics
Mineralogy
Metamorphic Petrology & Geochemistry
Practical- Structural Geology
Practical- Mineralogy
Practical- Petrology
Dissertation
Practical- Structural Geology
Practical- Crystallography
Practical- Petrology

MDU R M.Sc syllabus
UNIT-I
Facts and figures regarding shape and size of the earth. Origin of the earth: A general review of all the
theories.
Age of the Earth : Modern methods based on disintegration of Uranium, Thorium, Rubidium, Strontium,
Potassium and Radiocarbon.
Interior of the Earth : Sources of knowledge, artificial sources, evidences from the theories of origin of
earth, natural sources, seismology, density and temperature. Composition and structure of mantle and
core.
UNIT-II
Isostasy : Definition, developments of idea through Pratt, Airy, Joly, Hayford and Bowie.
Plate Tectonics : Meaning and concept, Plate margin, Plate boundary, Sea floor spreading, Plate motion
causes of plate motion. Plate tectonics and Continental drift, Plate tectonics and mountain building.
UNIT-III
Mountain Buiding : Orogeny, orogenic cycle, major orogenic periods of the earth. Theories of mountain
building : Joly’s theory of radioactivity and surface history of the earth; Jeffrey’s contraction theory;
Daly’s theory of sliding continents; Kober’s geosynclinal theory; Arthur Holme’s convection current
theory.
Landslide and Crustal displacement : Types of slides, causes and effects of slide, rock falls, rock
slides, creep, earth flow and subsidence. Prevention of landslides.
UNIT-IV
Continental Drift : Permanence of land and basins. Continental drift : Taylor and Wegner’s theories.
Some recent views and evidences regarding continental drift.
Volcano : Volcanic phenomena, theories of volcanism, types of volcanoes, distribution of volcanoes in
the world.
References
1. Thornburry, W.D., -- Principles of Geomorphology- John Wiley
2. Arthur Holmes, Nelson,--- Principles of physical Geology
3. Gupta, R.P., ---Remote Sensing Geology, Springer Veriag.
4. Pandey, S.N., ---Principles and Applications of Photogeology Wiley Eastern, New Delhi.
5. Sabbins, F.F.,---Remote Sensing- Principles and Applications , Freeman.
Paper-102- Structural Geology
1. The examiner will set nine questions in all, selecting two questions from each unit and
one question (Q. No.-1) of short answer type having eight sub-parts and covering all
units.
2. The candidate will attempt five questions in all, selecting one question from each unit
and the compulsory Q. No. - 1. All Questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I
Stratification, Stratified rocks, conformable strata, exposure and outcrops of sedimentary rocks, horizontal
beds, vertical beds ,inclined beds , strike, dip, apparent dips, thickness of bed, trends of outcrops.
Mechanical Principles and Rock deformation : Earth forces, static and dynamic conditions, mechanical
characteristics of the rocks, kinds of deformation, concept of stress and strain diagrams, Hook’s law,
factors controlling the behavior of material, confining pressure, temperature, time and solution, anisotropy
and inhomogeneneity , mechanics of plastic deformation.
UNIT-II
Folds : Description of folds, attitudes of beds in folds, parts of the fold, nomenclature of fold, symmetric ,
asymmetric, non-plunging and plunging folds, refolding, fold systems, doubly plunging folds, dome and
basin, field study and representation of folds. Geometric and morphological classification of folds,
relation of folding to pressure, genetic classification- flexure, flow and shear folding, mechanics of
folding.
UNIT-III
Fracture and Joints : failure by rupture in the rocks, experienced data on tension, compression, couple
and torsion, analysis of fracture, relation of rupture to stress and strain; nomenclature classification and
signification of joints. Top and Bottom criteria of beds : Significance of various sedimentary structures
like ripple marks, ridges and depressions, animal tracks, cross-beddings and current beddings, graded
beddings, contemporaneous deformations; features of Igneous rocks, top of lava surfaces, pillow-lavas,
volcanic ash, intrusive igneous bodies, drag folds and significance of palaentology.
UNIT-IV
Extrusive Igneous Rocks : Lava flows, pyroclastic beds, fissure eruptions, character of central eruptions,
volcanoes classification, craters, calderas and related forms, cryptovolcanic and related structures.
Plutones-texture and internal structure, concordant bodies-sills, laccoliths, lapoliths, phacoliths etc.;
discordant intrusive-dykes, volcanic vents, batholiths and stocks; granite tectonics.
Concepts of Petrofabric and symmetry : Objectives, field and laboratory interpretation on microscopic
and mesoscopic scale, preparation of petrofabric diagrams , types of fabric , symmetry of fabric and
symmetry of movements, their correlations : significance of (pai) and (beta) diagrams.
References
1. Badgley, P.C., 1965,--- Structure and tectonics. Harper and Row
2. Ramsay, J.G., 1967,--- Folding and Fracturing of Rocks, Mc Graw Hills
3. Ghosh, S.K., 1995,--- Structural Geology Fundamentals of modern developments, Pergamoh
press
4. Turner, F.J. and Weiss, L.E.,---- Structural Analysis of Metamorphic Tectonics
5. Billings, M.P., ----Structural Geology
Paper-103- Crystallography
1. The examiner will set nine questions in all, selecting two questions from each unit
and one question (Q. No.-1) of short answer type having eight sub-parts and
covering all units.
2. The candidate will attempt five questions in all, selecting one question from each
unit and the compulsory Q. No. - 1. All Questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I
Crystal elements, Crystal symmetry; the laws of crystallography, the common holohedral, hemihedral and
hemimorphic forms in crystallography, zones, Stereographic projections, simple mathematical
relationship.
UNIT-II
Twinning in crystals: The laws of twinning, composition plane and twin planes, twin axis, various
examples of twins in crystals. The symmetry characters and forms of: Cubic- Normal Pyritohedral,
Tetrahedral and plagiohedral.
UNIT-III
Tetragonal : Normal, tripyramidal class, pyramidal, hemimorphic, sphenoidal and trapezohedral.
Hexagonal : Normal, tripyramidal class, pyramidal, hemimorphic, trapezohedral, rhombohedral,
rhombohedral hemimorhic, trirhombohedral.
UNIT-IV
Orthorhombic: Normal, hemimorphic, sphenoidal.
Monoclinic: Normal class Triclinic : Normal Class.
References
1. Dana, E.S. and Ford, W.E. : ----A text book of Mineralogy
2. Read, H.H., -----Rutley’s elements of Mineralogy
3. Winchall, A.N. ,---- Elements of Optical Mineralogy
4. Phillips, W.M.R. and Griffen, D.T., 1986---- Optical Mineralogy
Paper-104- Igneous Petrology
1. The examiner will set nine questions in all, selecting two questions from each unit
and one question (Q. No.-1) of short answer type having eight sub-parts and
covering all units.
2. The candidate will attempt five questions in all, selecting one question from each
unit and the compulsory Q. No. - 1. All Questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I
Introduction: Scope, importance and development of petrology. Classification of rocks.
Igneous Petrology: Magma , its composition, temperature, origin and evolution. Reaction principle and
reaction series.
UNIT-II
Study of important single, binary and ternary silicate systems. Role of water in crystallization of basaltic
magma. Magmatic differentiation and assimilation.
UNIT-III
Criteria for classification of Igneous rocks, Norms-CIPW and Niggli value, texture and structure of
igneous rocks. Rocks suites and series, Petrographic provinces and periods. Kinds of Igneous rocks,
Igneous rock association.
UNIT-IV
Petrogenesis of major igneous rocks such as Basalt, Granites, Alkaline rocks, Pegmatites and
charnockite.
References
1. Philipotts, A., 1992 : ---Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, Prentice Hall
2. Best, M.G.,1986 :----Igneous Petrology, CBS Publication.
3. McBirney, A.R, 1993 :---- Igneous Petrology, Jones and Barllet Publication.
4. Boss, M.K.,1987 : ------Igneous Petrology, World Press,
Paper-105- Practical- Structural Geology
Max Marks: 50
Time: 3 Hrs.
Map reading and drawing pertaining to conformable series, horizontal, vertical and inclined beds, pattern
of dipping strata. Thickness and depth of strata. Determination of thickness of beds by various methods
and order of superposition, three point problems.
Study and interpretation of geological maps and sections : simple, symmetrical, asymmetrical,
overturned and isoclinals folds, domes and basins , unconformities, overlaps and offlap sections, faults.
Paper-106- Practical- Crystallography
Max Marks: 50
Time: 3 Hrs.
Study of important forms of cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic and triclinic. Study
of twining in crystals of various systems. Stereographic projections of important forms of cubic
tetragonal, and orthorhombic crystals.
Calculation of axial ratio and zone symbols in tetragonal, hexagonal and orthorhombic crystals.
Paper-107- Practical- Petrology
Max Marks: 50
Time: 3 Hrs.
Megascopic and microscopic study of Igneous rocks.
Megascopic and microscopic study of metamorphic rocks of different facies.
Interpretation of reaction textures.
IInd- Semester
1. The examiner will set nine questions in all, selecting two questions from each unit and one
question (Q. No.-1) of short answer type having eight sub-parts and covering all units.
2. The candidate will attempt five questions in all, selecting one question from each unit and
the compulsory Q. No. - 1. All Questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I
Wind : Its geological action , erosional, transportational and depositional features, applied aspects such
as engineering problems in loesses and sand dune areas. Ocean : Geological function of oceans , erosion
and deposition as a continuous process along the shorelines. Shorelines of submergence and emergence.
Waves, tides, currents, destructions of shorelines, littoral processes, Erosional and depositional features of
ocean.
UNIT-II
Glacier : Types and movements of glaciers , erosion, transportation, deposition and resulting geomorphic
surface features. Origin of glaciers, unstratified glacial deposits, stratified glacial deposits.
Ground Water : Sources of ground water, types of ground water, water table and the pressure surface
and its related zones, erosion transportation and deposition and their resulting features. Springs, wells,
artesian wells, geysers and fumaroles. Hydrological cycle : Rain fall and run of features of rain fall,
erosion, evaporation, transportation and evapotranspiration processes.
UNIT-III
River : Erosion, Transportation and deposition and the related geomorphology, growth and development
of river system, drainage and drainage pattern, erosion cycle, river terraces, flood plain and deltas,
meandering , rejuvenation and piracy in rivers. Lakes : Description, bogs, swamps, origin of lakes,
engineering problems. Lakes of India. Coral reefs : Definition and types of coral reefs, characteristics,
optimum requirements for their development. Theories regarding the origin of coral reefs.
UNIT-IV
Applied Geomorphology : Meaning and concept, applied geomorphology in Indian context,
geomorphology and regional planning, geomorphology and hazard management, geomorphology and
urbanization, geomorphology and engineering works, geomorphology and hydrology, geomorphology
and mineral exploration. Remote Sensing : Principles of remote sensing, general idea about aerial
photographs and their geometry. Application of Remote Sensing in Geology. Geological Studies; Image
characters and their relation with ground object based on tone , texture and pattern. Principles of terrain
analysis, evaluation of ground water potential, rock types, identification and interpretation of geographic
and tectonic features.
References
1. Thornburry, W.D., Principles of Geomorphology- John Wiley
2. Arthur Holmes, Nelson, Principles of physical Geology
3. Gupta, R.P., Remote Sensing Geology, Springer Veriag.
4. Pandey, S.N., Principles and Applications of Photogeology Wiley Eastern, New Delhi.
5. Sabbins, F.F.,Remote Sensing- Principles and Applications , Freeman.
1. The examiner will set nine questions in all, selecting two questions from each unit
and one question (Q. No.-1) of short answer type having eight sub-parts and
covering all units.
2. The candidate will attempt five questions in all, selecting one question from each
unit and the compulsory Q. No. - 1. All Questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I
Faults: General descriptive terminology, classification of faults geometric and genetic; field study,
recognition of faults, discontinuity of structures, repetition and omission strata, characteristic features
along fault planes, silicification and mineralization, differences in the sedimentary faces, physiographic
criteria , distinction between fault line and scarp etc.
Relation of rupture to stress and strain, stress and faulting, fault pattern formed due to different orientation
of principal stress axis , stress and strain ellipsoid.
UNIT-II
Unconformity : Kind s of unconformities, recognition of unconformities in outcrops, relation to plutonic
rocks, palaeontological criteria, distinguishing faults and unconformities in the field.
Geophysical method in Structural Geology : General outline of various physical characters of rocks,
general principles of methods used in the interpretation of structures based on gravitational, magnetic,
seismic and electrical methods.
UNIT-III
Cleavage and Schistosity : Descriptive terminology, origin of slaty cleavage and schistosity, fracture
cleavage, slip cleavage and schistosity to major structures. Lineation : Kinds of lineation, origin of
deformed pebbles and oolites, elongated minerals, intersection of bedding and cleavage, crinckles,
slickensides and miner streakes, boudinage, rods and mullion structure, relation to the major structures.
UNIT-IV
Plate Tectonics : Concepts of plate margin, plate boundary, causes of plate motion. Recent advances,
dynamic evolution of continental and oceanic crust, ridges, trenches and transform faults, formation of
mountain roots, plate- tectonics and mountain belts, structure and origin of Alpine-Himalayan belt, the
Applachian-Calidonian belt, the Andes, the North American cordillera.
References
1. Badgley, P.C., 1965, Structure and tectonics. Harper and Row
2. Ramsay, J.G., 1967, Folding and Fracturing of Rocks, Mc Graw Hills
3. Ghosh, S.K., 1995, Structural Geology Fundamentals of modern developments, Pergamoh
press
4. Turner, F.J. and Weiss, L.E., Structural Analysis of Metamorphic Tectonics
5. Billings, M.P., Structural Geology
1. The examiner will set nine questions in all, selecting two questions from each
unit and one question (Q. No.-1) of short answer type having eight sub-parts and
covering all units.
2. The candidate will attempt five questions in all, selecting one question from each
unit and the compulsory Q. No. - 1. All Questions carry equal marks.
UNIT-I
Physical properties of Mineral : Gliding planes, properties depending upon light, hardness, specific
gravity, cleavage, fractures; isomorphism, polymorphism and pseudomorphism in minerals. Structure of
silicates and its bearing on classification of various rock forming silicates. Descriptive Mineralogy :
Detail study of rock forming mineral groups such as pyroxene, garnet and olivine, their physical,
chemical and optical characters, occurrence, origin, association and alteration.
UNIT-II
Detail study of rock forming mineral groups such as amphibole,mica, feldspar, scapolite, felspathoid and
silica group, their physical,chemical and optical characters, occurrence, origin, association and alteration.
UNIT-III
Mineralogy of metallic ores : Iron Manganese, copper, lead and zinc, aluminium, tin, gold, siver,
chromium, antimony, arsenic, titanium, uranium, molybdenum and murcury
UNIT-IV
Optical Mineralogy : The general principles of optics, the theories of the propogation of light, the optical
properties of minerals. The preparation of materials for microscopic studies, study of birefringence,
refractometer, double refraction, classification of crystals into isotropic and anisotropic crystals, the nicol
prism and Polaroid plate, polarization of light, interference colours in crystal and determination of their
orders , birefringence in biaxial and uniaxial crystal and its determination, pleochroism and dichroism in
crystals and their determination. Construction and use of accessories such as quartz wedge, gypsum plate
and mica plate, the optical indicatrix of uniaxial and biaxial crystals, the determination of optic sign,
dispersion in crystals, extinction and its type, extinction angle and its determination, the optic axial angle
and its determination.
.
References
1. Dana, E.S. and Ford, W.E. : A text book of Mineralogy
2. Read, H.H., Rutley’s elements of Mineralogy
3. Winchell, A.N. , Elements of Optical Mineralogy
4. Dear, W.A., Howie, R.A. and Zussman, J, 1996: The Rock Forming Minerals, Longman.
5. Paul, F. Kerr, Optical Mineralogy


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