ISRO Electronics and Communication Syllabus

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ISRO ENTRANCE SYLLABUS FOR ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Networks: Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set and
fundamental circuit matrices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis.

Network theorems:
superposition, Thevenin and Norton?s maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation.
Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient differential equations;
time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using Laplace
transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point
and transfer functions. State equations for networks.

Electronic Devices: Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in
silicon: diffusion current, drift current, mobility, and resistivity. Generation and recombination
of carriers. p-n junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET,
LED, p-I-n and avalanche photo diode, Basics of LASERs. Device technology: integrated
circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub
and twin-tub CMOS process.

Analog Circuits: Small Signal Equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs and analog CMOS.
Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and
FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential and operational, feedback, and
power. Frequency response of amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators;
criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and
wave-shaping circuits, 555 Timers. Power supplies.

Digital circuits: Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC
families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinatorial circuits: arithmetic circuits, code
converters, multiplexers, decoders, PROMs and PLAs. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops,
counters and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, DACs. Semiconductor memories.

Microprocessor(8085): architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfacing
Signals and Systems: Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and
discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, DFT and
FFT, z-transform. Sampling theorem. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and
properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and
cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission through LTI
systems.

Control Systems: Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description, reduction
of block diagrams. Open loop and closed loop (feedback) systems and stability analysis of these
systems. Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient
and steady state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency response. Tools and techniques
for LTI control system analysis: root loci, Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Bode and Nyquist plots.
Control system compensators: elements of lead and lag compensation, elements of Proportional-
Integral-Derivative (PID) control. State variable representation and solution of state equation of
LTI control systems.

Communications: Random signals and noise: probability, random variables, probability density
function, autocorrelation, power spectral density. Analog communication systems: amplitude and
angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations,
superheterodyne receivers; elements of hardware, realizations of analog communication systems;
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency
modulation (FM) for low noise conditions. Fundamentals of information theory and channel
capacity theorem. Digital communication systems: pulse code modulation (PCM), differential
pulse code modulation (DPCM), digital modulation schemes: amplitude, phase and frequency
shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), matched filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and
probability of error calculations for these schemes. Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA and
GSM.

Electromagnetics: Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss? and Stokes?
theorems, Maxwell?s equations: differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector.
Plane waves: propagation through various media; reflection and refraction; phase and group
velocity; skin depth. Transmission lines: characteristic impedance; impedance transformation;
Smith chart; impedance matching; S parameters, pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes in
rectangular waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off frequencies; dispersion relations. Basics of
propagation in dielectric waveguide and optical fibers. Basics of Antennas: Dipole antennas;
radiation pattern; antenna gain.