BSC Microbiology Syllabus Osmania University

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Year I
I TheoryIntroductory Microbiology
I LabIntroductory Microbiology

Year II
II Theory Microbial physiology and Genetics
II Lab Microbial Physiology and Genetics

Year III
III Theory Immunology and Medical Microbiology
III Lab Immunology and Medical Microbiology

IV Theory Applied Microbiology
IV Lab Applied Microbiology
Osmania University B.Sc. Core (Optional) Microbiology syllabus
UNIT – I History of Microbiology and Microscopy 30Hrs
Meaning, definition and history of Microbiology. 2 Hrs
Contributions of Antony von Leeuwenhoek, Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur,
Robert Koch, Iwanowsky, Beijerinck, Winogradsky and Alexander Fleming. 10 Hrs
Importance and applications of Microbiology. 2 Hrs
Principles of microscopy – bright field, dark field, phase-contrast, fluorescent
and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Ocular and stage micrometers. 10 Hrs
Size determination of microorganisms. 2 Hrs
Principles and types of stains - Simple stain, differential stain, negative stain,
structural stains - spore, capsule, flagella. Hanging-drop method. 4 Hrs
UNIT – II Microbiological Techniques 30 Hrs
Sterilization and disinfection techniques. Principles and methods of
sterilization. 2 Hrs
Physical methods - autoclave, hot-air oven, pressure cooker, laminar air flow,
filter sterilization. 5 Hrs
Radiation methods - UV rays, gamma rays, ultrasonic methods. 4 Hrs
Chemical methods - Use of alcohols, aldehydes, fumigants, phenols, halogens
and hypochlorites. Phenol coefficient. 5 Hrs
Isolation of pure culture techniques - Enrichment culturing, dilution-plating,
streak-plate, spread-plate and micromanipulator. 8 Hrs
Preservation of microbial cultures - subculturing, overlaying cultures with
mineral oils, lyophilization, sand cultures, storage at low temperature. 6 Hrs
UNIT – III Biology of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microorganisms 30 Hrs
Outline classification of living organisms: Heckel, Whittaker and
Carl Woese systems. 6 Hrs
Place of microorganisms in the living world. 2 Hrs
Differentiation of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 1 Hr
Prokaryotes - General characteristics of bacteria, archaebacteria, rickettsias,
mycoplasmas, cyanobacteria and actinomycetes. 6 Hrs
Outline classification for bacteria as per the second edition of Bergey’s Manual of
Systematic Bacteriology (up to section level). 2 Hrs
Ultrastructure of a bacterial cell: Invariant components - cell wall, cell membrane,
ribosomes, nucleoid. Variant components - Capsule, flagella, fimbriae, endospore
and storage granules. 6 Hrs
General characteristics and classification of viruses. Morphology and structure of
TMV and HIV. 2 Hrs
Structure and multiplication of lambda bacteriophage. 2 Hrs
Eukaryotes - General characteristics and classification (up to the order level) of
eukaryotic microorganisms - Protozoa, microalgae, molds and yeasts. 3 Hrs
UNIT – IV Biomolecules 30 Hrs
Biomolecules of microorganisms. 1 Hr
Outline classification and general characteristics of carbohydrates(monosaccharides,
disaccharides and polysaccharides). 5 Hrs
General characteristics of amino acids and proteins. 5 Hrs
Structure of nitrogenous bases, nucleotides, nucleic acids. 5 Hrs
Fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated) and lipids (spingolipds, sterols and
phospholipids). 5 Hrs
Hydrogen ion concentration in biological fluids, pH measurement. 3 Hrs
Types of buffers and their use in biological reactions. 3 Hrs
Principle and application of colorimerty and chromatography
(paper and thin-layer). 3 Hrs
TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS:
Ram Reddy, S. and Reddy, S.M. (2007). Essentials of Virology. Scientific Publishers
India, Jodhpur.
Reddy, S.M. (2003). University Microbiology –I . Galgotia Publications New Delhi.
Dube, R.C. and Maheswari, D.K. (2000) General Microbiology. S Chand ,New Delhi.
Prescott, M.J., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. (2002). Microbiology. 5th Edition, WCB Mc
GrawHill, New York.
Madigan, M.T., Martinkl, J.M. and Parker, J. (2000). Brock Biology of
Microorganisms, 9th Edition, MacMillan Press, England.
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Stanier, R.Y., Adelberg, E.A. and Ingram, J.L. (1991). General Microbiology, 5th Ed.,
Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S. and Kreig, N.R. (1993). Microbiology. 5th Edition, Tata
Mc Graw Hill Publishing Co., Ltd., New Delhi.
Rao, A.S. (1997). Introduction to Microbiology. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt Ltd., Nerw
Delhi.
Black, J.G. (2005). Microbiology: Principles and Explorations, John Wiley, USA.
Voet, D. and Voet, J.G. (1995) Biochemistry, Wiley, New York.
. Zubay, G. (1998). Biochemistry WCB. Mc GrawHill, Iowa.
Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology,
Wiley, New York.
Moore – Landecker, E. (1996). Fundamentals of Fungi, Prentice-Hall, NJ, USA.
Atlas, R.A. and Bartha, R. (2000). Microbial Ecology – Fundamentals and
Application, Benjamin Cummings, New York.
Frobisher, H., Hinsdil, R.D., Crabtree, K.T. and Goodhert, D.R. (2005). Fundamentals
of Microbiology, Saunder and Company, London.
Power, C.B. and Daginawala, H.F. (1986). General Microbiology Vol I & II (2nd
Edition), Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
Sullia, S.B. and Shantaram, S. (1998). General Microbiology, Oxford & IBH
Publishing Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Dimmock, N.J., Easton, A.J. and Leppard, K.N. (2001). Introduction to Modern
Virology, Blackwell Science Ltd, U.K.
Webster, J. (1980). Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
England.
Singh, R.P. (2007). General Microbiology. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
Talaro, K. and Talaro, A. (1996). Foundations in Microbiology. 2nd Edition. UMC
Brown Publications.
Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R. and Case, C.L. (2004). Microbiology: An Intoduction.
Pearson Education, Singapore.
Niclin, J. et al. (1999). Instant Notes in Microbiology. Viva Books Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
LAB – I: (B.Sc. I Yr) INTRODUCTORY MICROBIOLOGY (Practicals) 90 Hrs
1. Precautions to work in Microbiology laboratory.
2. Preparation of culture media: Solid / Liquid.
3. Sterilization techniques: Autoclving, hot-air oven and filtration.
4. Isolation of single colonies on solid media.
5. Enumeration of bacterial numbers by serial dilution and plating.
6. Light compound microscope and its handling.
7. Microscopic observation of bacteria (Gram +ve bacilli and cocci, Gram –ve
bacilli), cyanobacteria (Nostoc, Spirulina), algae (Scenedesmus sp., diatoms), and
fungi (Saccharomyces, Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium).
8. Calibrations of microscopic measurements (Ocular, stage micrometers).
9. Measuring dimensions of fungal spores
10. Simple and differential staining (Gram staining).
11. Spore staining, capsule staining and negative staining.
12. Diagramatic or Electron photomicrographic observation of TMV, HIV, T4 phage
and adenovirus
13. Qualitative tests for sugars and amino acids.
14. Qualitative test and estimation of glucose.
REFERENCE BOOKS FOR LAB:
Gopal Reddy, M., Reddy, M.N., Saigopal, DVR and Mallaiah, K.V. (2007). Laboratory
Experiments in Microbiology, . Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
Reddy, S.M. and Reddy S.R. (1998). Microbiology – Practical Manual, 3rd Edition, Sri
Padmavathi Publications, Hyderabad.
Aneja, K.R. (2001). Experiments in Microbiology, Plant pathology, Tissue culture
and Mushroom Production Technology, 3rd Edition, New Age International (P)
Ltd, Publishers, New Delhi.
Dubey, R.C. and Maheswari, D.K. (2006). Practical Microbiology, S. Chand & Co.,
New Delhi.
Cappuccino, J.G. and Sherman, N. (2005). Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual. 7th
Edition. Pearson Education. Published by Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
Mahy, B.W.J. and Kangro, H.O. (1996). Virology – Methods Manual. Academic Press,
USA.
Burleson et al. (1992). Virology – A Laboratory Manual. Academic Press, USA
Alcamo, I.E. (2001). Laboratory Fundamentals of Microbiology. Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, USA.
Benson, J.H. (2005). Microbiological Applications: Laboratory Manual in General
Microbiology. 7th Edition, McGraw Hill Publications, New York.
Paper II: MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS (Theory)
UNIT – I Nutrition, Growth and Enzymes 30 Hrs
Microbial nutrition - nutritional requirements and uptake of nutrients by cells.
Nutritional groups of microorganisms - autotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs,
methylotrophs. 5 Hrs
Growth media - synthetic, nonsynthetic, selective, enrichment and differential media.
Microbial growth - different phases of growth in batch cultures. 6 Hrs
Factors influencing microbial growth. 2 Hrs
Synchronous, continuous, biphasic growth. 3 Hrs
Methods for measuring microbial growth – Direct microscopy, viable count estimates,
turbiodometry, biomass. 4 Hrs
Enzymes - properties and classification, enzyme unit. 3 Hrs
Biocatalysis - induced fit, and lock and key model, coenzymes, cofactors, factors
affecting catalytic activity of enzymes. 4 Hrs
Inhibition of enzyme activity - competitive, noncompetitive, uncompetitive and
allosteric. 3 Hrs
UNIT – II Intermediary Metabolism 30 Hrs
Aerobic respiration - Glycolysis, HMP pathway, ED pathway, TCA cycle, electron
transport, oxidative and substrate-level phosphorylation. Anaplerotic reactions. β-
Oxidation of fatty acids. 13 Hrs
Glyoxylate cycle. Anaerobic respiration (nitrate, sulphate respiration). 7 Hrs
Fermentation - Common microbial fermentations with special reference to
alcohol and lactic acid fermentations. 5 Hrs
Photosynthetic apparatus in prokaryotes. Outlines of oxygenic and anoxygenic
photosynthesis in bacteria. 5 Hrs
UNIT – III Microbial Genetics 30 Hrs
Fundamentals of genetics - Mendelian laws, alleles, crossing over, and linkage.
DNA and RNA as genetic materials. 8 Hrs
Structure of DNA – Watson and Crick model. 2 Hrs
Extrachromosomal genetic elements – Plasmids and transposons. 2 Hrs
Replication of DNA – Semiconservative mechanism. 3 Hrs
Outlines of DNA damage and repair mechanisms. 4 Hrs
Mutations – spontaneous and induced, base pair changes, frame shifts, deletions,
inversions, tandem duplications, insertions. 4 Hrs
Various physical and chemical mutagens. 2 Hrs
Brief account on horizontal gene transfer among bacteria – transformation, transduction
and conjugation. 5 Hrs
UNIT – IV Gene Expression and Recombinant DNA Technology 30 Hrs
Concept of gene – Muton, recon and cistron. One gene-one enzyme, one
gene-one polypeptide, one gene-one product hypotheses. 4 Hrs
Types of RNA and their functions. 2 Hrs
Outlines of RNA biosynthesis in prokaryotes. 3 Hrs
Genetic code. Structure of ribosomes and a brief account of protein synthesis. 4 Hrs
Types of genes – structural, constitutive, regulatory. 2 Hrs
Operon concept. Regulation of gene expression in bacteria – lac operon. 3 Hrs
Basic principles of genetic engineering - restriction endonucleases, DNA
polymerases and ligases, vectors. 3 Hrs
Outlines of gene cloning methods. 2 Hrs
Genomic and cDNA libraries. 3 Hrs
General account on application of genetic engineering in industry, agriculture
and medicine. 4 Hrs
TEXT AND REFERENCE BOOKS:
Gottschalk, G. (1986). Bacterial Metabolism, Springer-Verlag, New-York.
Caldwell, D.R. (1995). Microbial Physiology and Metabolism, W.C. Brown
Publications, Iowa, USA.
Moat, A.G. and Foster, J.W. (1995). Microbial Physiology, John-Wiley, New York.
White, D. (1995). The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes, Oxford
University Press, New York.
Reddy, S.R. and Reddy, S.M. (2004). Microbial Physiology, Scientific Publishers,
Jodhpur, India.
Reddy, S.M. and Reddy, S.R. (2005). A Text Book of Microbiology Vol-II. Microbial
Metabolism and Molecular Biology. Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
Lehninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry, 2nd
Edition, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
Elliot, W.H. and Elliot, D.C. (2001). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2nd
Edition, Oxford University Press, U.S.A.
Verma, P.S. and Agarwal, V.K. (2004). Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology,
Evolution and Ecology. S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Freifelder, D. (1997). Essentials of Molecular Biology. Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi.
Crueger, W. and Crueger, A. (2000). Biotechnology: A Text Book of Industrial
Microbiology, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Glick, B.P. and Pasternack, J. (1998). Molecular Biotechnology, ASM Press,
Washington D.C., USA.
Freifelder, D. (1990). Microbial Genetics. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
Strickberger, M.W. (1967). Genetics. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
Sinnot E.W., L.C. Dunn and T. Dobzhansky. (1958). Principles of Genetics. 5th Edition.
McGraw Hill, New York.
Glazer, A.N. and Nikaido, H. (1995). Microbial Biotechnology – Fundamentals of
Applied Microbiology, W.H. Freeman and company, New York.
Old, R.W. and Primrose, S.B. (1994) Principles of Gene Manipulation, Blackwell
Science Publication, New York.
Smith, J.E. (1996). Biotechnology, Cambridge University Press.
Snyder, L. and Champness, W. (1997). Molecular Genetics of Bacteria. ASM press,
Washington, D.C., USA.
Maloy, S.R., Cronan, J.E. and Freifelder, D. (1994). Microbial Genetics, Jones and
Bartlett Publishers, London.
Lewin, B. (2000). Genes VIII. Oxford University Press, England
Turner, P.C., Mclennan, A.G., Bates, A.D. and White, M.R.H. (1998). Instant Notes in
Molecular Biology, Viva Books Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi.
Twynan, R.M. (2003). Advanced Molecular Biology. Viva books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
Kannan, N. (2003). Hand Book of Laboratory Culture Medias, Reagents, Stains and
Buffers. Panima Publishing Co., New Delhi.
Nicholl, D.S.T. (2004). An Introduction to Genetic Engineering. 2nd Edition.
Cambridge University Press, London.
Ram Reddy, S., Venkateshwarlu, K. and Krishna Reddy, V. (2007) A text Book of
Molecular Biotechnology. Himalaya Publishers, Hyderabad.
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