AUCET Subjects

Can you provide me the syllabus of all the subjects of Andhra University Common Entrance Test (AUCET) conducted by Andhra University, Visakhapatnam?

[sumit]

Andhra University Common Entrance Test (AUCET) Syllabus for Entrance Test in Science, Arts, Commerce and Engineering is as follows:

101 – Life Sciences

Cell Biology : Ultrastructure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, Structure and
function of cell organelles. Cell division – Mitosis and Meiosis. Chromosomes
structure, Karyotype.

Genetics : Mendelian principles, Gene Interaction, Linkage and Crossing over,
Sex determination, Sex linkage, Mutations – Genic and chromosomal
(Structural and numerical); Chromosomal aberrations in humans.
Recombination in prokaryotes transformation, conjugation, transduction,
sexduction. Extra genomic inheritance.

Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering : Structure of eukaryotic gene,
DNA and RNA structure, DNA replication in pro and eukaryotes, Transcription
and translation in pro and eukaryotes, genetic code. Regulation of gene
expression in prokaryotes, Principles of recombinant DNA technology. DNA
vectors, Transgenesis. Applications of genetic engineering.

Biotechnology : Plant and animal cell culture, cloning, Fermentors types and
process, Biopesticides, biofertilizers, Bioremediation, Renewable and non –
renewable energy resources, Non-conventional fuels.

Biomolecules : Carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, lipids, vitamins and
porphyrins. Enzymes – classification and mode of action, enzyme assay,
enzyme units, enzyme inhibition, enzyme kinetics, Factors regulating enzyme
action.

Immunology : Types of immunity, cells and organelles of immune system,
Antigen – antibody reaction. Immunotechniques, Hypersensitivity, Vaccines.

Techniques : Microscopy – Light and Electron, Centrifugation,
Chromatography, Eletrophoresis, Calorimetric and Spectrophotometric
techniques, Blotting techniques, PCR, DNA finger printing.

Ecology, Environment and Evolution : Theories and evidences of organic
evolution, Hardy – Weinberg law. Components of an ecosystem, Ecological
pyramids, Biogeochemical cycles, Ecological adaptations. Climatic and
edaphic and biotic factors. Ecological sucession – Hydrosere and xerosere,
Natural resources, Biodiversity, current environmental issues, Environmental
pollution, Globla warming and climate change.

Physiology : Structure and function of liver, kidney and heart, composition of
blood, blood types, blood coagulation, Digestion and absorption,
Endocrinology, Muscle and Nervous system

Metabolism : Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, aminoacids and
nucleic acids. Biological oxidation and bioenergetics.

Animal Science : Biology of invertebrates and chordates, Embryology of
chordates, Classification of marine environment – Physical and chemical
parameters, Marine, estuarine, reservoir and riverine fisheries, Cultivation of
fin and shell fish. Culture practices

Plant Science : Classification of cryptogams and phanerogams. General
characteristics of taxonomic groups at class and family level Water relations
and mineral nutrition of plants, Plant growth regulators, Ethnobotany and
medicinal plants, Biology of plant seed, Photosynthesis.

Microbiology : Microbes – Types, distribution and biology. Isolation and
cultivation of bacteria and virus. Staining techniques. Bacterial growth curve,
Microbial diseases – food and water borne, insect borne, contact diseases in
humans. Microbial diseases in plants – by bacteria, fungi and virus, Plant
microbe – interactions.
Nutrition : Biological value of proteins, protein malnutrition, disorders,
Chemistry and physiological role of vitamins and minerals in living systems.

102 – Physical Sciences

Electricity, Magnetism and Electronics

1.Electrostatics : Gauss law and its applications-Uniformly charged sphere,
charged cylindrical conductor and an infinite conducting sheet of charge.
Deduction of Coulmb’s law from Gauss law Mechanical force on a charged
conductor Electric potential – Potential due to a charged spherical conductor,
electric field strength from the electric dipole and an infinite line of charge.
Potential of a uniformly charged circular disc

2. Dielectrics : An atomic view of dielectrics, potential energy of a dipole in
an electric field. Polarization and charge density, Gauss’s law for dielectric
medium- Relation between D,E, and P. Dielectric constant, susceptibility and
relation between them. Boundary conditions at the dielectric surface. Electric
fields in cavities of a dielectric-needle shaped cavity and disc shaped cavity.

3. Capacitance : Capacitance of concentric spheres and cylindrical condenser,
capacitance of parallel plate condenser with and without dielectric. Electric
energy stored in a charged condenser – force between plates of condenser,
construction and working of attracted disc electrometer, measurement of
dielectric constant and potential difference.

4. Magnetostatics : Magnetic shell – potential due to magnetic shell – field
due to magnetic shell -equivalent of electric circuit and magnetic shell –
Magnetic induction (B) and field (H) -permeability and susceptibility –
Hysteresis loop.

5. Moving charge in electric and magnetic field : Hall effect, cyclotron,
synchrocyclotron and synchrotron – force on a current carrying conductor
placed in a magnetic field, force and torque on a current loop, Biot -Savart’s
law and calculation of B due to long straight wire, a circular current loop and
solenoid

6. Electromagnetic induction : Faraday’s law -Lenz’s law – expression for
induced emf – time varying magnetic fields -Betatron -Ballistic galvanometer
– theory – damping correction – self and mutual inductance, coefficient of
coupling, calculation of self inductance of a long solenoid -toroid – energy
stored in magnetic field – transformer – Construction, working, energy losses
and efficiency.

7. Varying and alternating currents : Growth and decay of currents in LR, CR
and LCR circuits – Critical damping. Alternating current relation between
current and voltage in pure R,C and L-vector diagrams -Power in ac circuits.
LCR series and parallel resonant circuit – Q-factor. AC & DC motors-single
phase, three phase (basics only).

8. Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic waves : A review of basic laws
of electricity and magnetism – displacement current – Maxwell’s equations in
differential form – Maxwell’s wave equation, planeelectromagnetic waves -
Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Poynting theorem, production
of electromagnetic waves (Hertz experiment).

9. Basic Electronics : Formation of electron energy bands in solids,
classification of solids in terms of forbidden energy gap. Intrinsic and
extrinsic semiconductors, Fermi level, continuity equation – p-n junction
diode, Zener diode characteristics and its application as voltage regulator.
Half wave and full wave, rectifiers and filters, ripple factor (quantitative) – p
n p and n p n transistors, current components in transistors, CB.CE and CC
configurations – transistor hybrid parameters – determination of hybrid
parameters from transistor characteristics -transistor as an amplifier —
concept of negative feed back and positive feed back – Barkhausen criterion,
RC coupled amplifier and phase shift oscillator (qualitative).

10. Digital Principles : Binary number system, converting Binary to Decimal
and vice versa. Binary addition and subtraction (1’s and 2’s complement
methods). Hexadecimal number system. Conversion from Binary to
Hexadecimal – vice versa and Decimal to Hexadecimal vice versa.

Logic gates: OR,AND,NOT gates, truth tables, realization of these gates using
discrete components. NAND, NOR as universal gates, Exclusive – OR gate,De
Morgan’s Laws – statement and proof, Half and Full adders. Parallel adder
circuits.

Modern Physics

1. Atomic Spectra : Introduction – Drawbacks of Bohr’s atomic model –
Sommerfeld’s elliptical orbits – relativistic correction (no derivation). Stern &
Gerlach experiment Vector atom model and quantum numbers associated
with it. L-S and j-j coupling schemes. Spectral terms, selection rules,
intensity rules. Spectra of alkali atoms, doublet fine structure. Alkaline earth
spectra, singlet and triplet fine structure. Zeeman Effect, Paschen-Back
Effect and Stark Effect.

2. Molecular Spectroscopy: Types of molecular spectra, pure rotational
energies and spectrum of diatomic molecule, determination of internuclear
distance. Vibrational energies and spectrum of diatomic molecule. Raman
effect, Classical theory of Raman effect. Experimental arrangement for
Raman effect and its applications.

3. Quantum MechanicsInadequacy of classical Physics: (Discussion
only)Spectral radiation – Planck’s law. Photoelectric effect – Einstien’s
photoelectric equation. Compton’s effect (quantitative) experimental
verification. Stability of an atom – Bohr’s atomic theory. Limitations of old
quantum theory.

4. Matter Waves: de Broglie’s hypothesis – wavelength of matter waves,
properties of matter waves. Phase and group velocities. Davisson and
Germer experiment. Double slit experiment. Standing de Brogile waves of
electron in Bohr orbits.

5. Uncertainity Principle: Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle for position and
momentum (x and px), Energy and time (E and t). Gamma ray microscope.
Diffraction by a single slit. Position of electron in a Bohr orbit. Particle in a
box. Complementary principle of Bohr..

6. Schrodinger Wave Equation: Schrodinger time independent and time
dependent wave equations. Wave function properties – Significance. Basic
postulates of quantum mechanics. Operators, eigen functions and eigen
values, expectation values. Application of Schrodinger wave equation to
particle in one and three dimensional boxes, potential step and potential
barrier.

7. Nuclear PhysicsNuclear Structure: Basic properties of nucleus – size,
charge, mass, spin, magnetic dipole moment and electric quadrupole
moment. Binding energy of nucleus, deuteron binding energy, p-p and n-p
scattering (concepts), nuclear forces. Nuclear models – liquid drop model,
shell model.

8. Alpha and Beta Decays: Range of alpha particles, Geiger – Nuttal law,
Gammow’s theory of alpha decay. Geiger – Nuttal law from Gammow’s
theory. Beta spectrum – neutrino hypothesis, Fermi’s theory of p-decay
(qualitative).

9. Nuclear Reactions: Types of nuclear reactions, channels, nuclear reaction
kinematics. Compound nucleus, direct reactions (concepts).Nuclear Detectors
– GM counter, proportional counter, scintillation counter, Wilson cloud
chamber and solid state detector Solid State Physics

10. Crystal Structure: Crystalline nature of matter. Cystal lattice, Unit Cell,
Elements of symmetry. Crystal systems, Bravais lattices. Miller indices.
Simple crystal structures (S.C., BCC, CsCI, FCC, NaCI diamond and Zinc
Blends).

11. X-ray Diffraction: Diffraction of X -rays by crystals, Bragg’s law,
Experimental techniques – Laue’s method and powder method

12. Nanomaterials: Introduction, Nan particles, metal nanoclusters,
semiconductor nanoparticles, carbon clusters, carbon nanotubes, quantum
nanostructures – nanodot, nanowire and quantum well. Fabrication of
quantum nanostructures.

13. Bonding in Crystals: Types of bonding in crystals – characteristics of
crystals with different bindings. Lattice energy of ionic crystals –
determination of Medelung constant for NaCI crystal, calculation of Born
coefficient and repulsive exponent. Born – Haber cycle.

14. Magnetism: Magnetic properties of dia, para and ferromagnetic
materials. Langevin’s theory of paramagnetism. Weiss’ theory of
ferromagnetism -Concepts of magnetic domains, antiferromagnetism and
ferrimagnetism ferrites and their applications

15. Superconductivity: Basic experimental facts – zero resistance, effect of
magnetic field, Meissner effect, persistent current, Isotope effect
Thermodynamic properties, specific heat, entropy. Type I and Type II
superconductors.Elements of BCS theory-Cooper pairs. Applications. High
temperature superconductors (general information).

Thermodynamics and Optics

1. Kinetic theory of gases: Introduction – Deduction of Maxwell’s law of
distribution of molecular speeds, Experimental verification Toothed Wheel
Experiment, Transport Phenomena – Viscosity of gases – thermal
conductivity – diffusion of gases.

2. Thermodynamics: Introduction – Reversible and irreversible processes –
Carnot’s engine and its efficiency – Carnot’s theorem – Second law of
thermodynamics, Kelvin’s and Claussius statements – Thermodynamic scale
of temperature – Entropy, physical significance – Change in entropy in reversible and irreversible processes – Entropy and disorder – Entropy of
universe – Temperature- Entropy (T-S) diagram – Change of entropy of a
perfect gas-change of entropy when ice changes into steam.

3. Thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell’s equations: Thermodynamic potentials – Derivation of Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations -Clausius-
Clayperon’s equation – Derivation for ratio of specific heats – Derivation for
difference of two specific heats for perfect gas. Joule Kelvin effect –
expression for Joule Kelvin coefficient for perfect and Vanderwaal’s gas.

4. Low temperature Physics: Introduction – Joule Kelvin effect – liquefaction
of gas using porous plug experiment. Joule expansion – Distinction between
adiabatic and Joule Thomson expansion -Expression for Joule Thomson
cooling – Liquefaction of helium, Kapitza’s method -Adiabatic
demagnetization – Production of low temperatures – Principle of
refrigeration, vapour compression type. Working of refrigerator and Air
conditioning machines. Effects of Chloro and Fluro Carbons on Ozone layer;
applications of substances at low-temperature.

5. Quantum theory of radiation: Black body-Ferry’s black body – distribution
of energy in the spectrum of Black body -Wein’s displacement law, Wein’s
law, Rayleigh-Jean’s law – Quantum theory of radiation – Planck’s law –
deduction of Wein’s law, Rayleigh-Jeans law, from Planck’s law -
Measurement of radiation – Types of pyrometers – Disappearing filament
optical pyrometer – experimental determination – Angstrom pyroheliometer
– determination of solar constant, effective temperature of sun.

6. Statistical Mechanics: Introduction to statistical mechanics, concept of
ensembles, Phase space, MaxwellBoltzmann’s distribution law, Molecular
energies in an ideal gas, Bose-Einstein Distribution law, FermiDirac
Distribution law, comparison of three distribution laws, Black Body Radiation,
Rayleigh-Jean’s formula, Planck’s radiation law, Weins Displacement,
Stefan’s Boltzmann’s law from Plancks formula. Application of Fermi-Dirac
statistics to white dwarfs and Neutron stars.

7. The Matrix methods in paraxial optics: Introduction, the matrix method,
effect of translation, effect of refraction, imaging by a spherical refracting
surface. Imaging by a co-axial optical system. Unit planes. Nodal planes. A
system of two thin lenses.

8. Aberrations: Introduction – Monochromatic aberrations, spherical
aberration, methods of minimizing spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism
and curvature of field, distortion. Chromatic aberration – the achromatic
doublet – Removal of chromatic aberration of a separated doublet.

9. Interference: Principle of superposition – coherence – temporal coherence
and spatial coherence -conditions for Interference of light Interference by
division of wave front: Fresnel’s biprism – determination of wave length of
light. Determination of thickness of a transparent material using Biprism -
change of phase on reflection – Lloyd’s mirror experiment.Interference by
division of amplitude: Oblique incidence of a plane wave on a thin film due to
reflected and transmitted light (Cosine law) – Colours of thin films – Non
reflecting films – interference by a plane parallel film illuminated by a point
source – Interference by a film with two nonparallel reflecting surfaces
(Wedge shaped film) – Determination of diameter of wire-Newton’s rings in
reflected light with and without contact between lens and glass plate,
Newton’s rings in transmitted light (Haidinger Fringes) -Determination of wave length of monochromatic light – Michelson Interferometer – types of
fringes – Determination of wavelength of monochromatic light, Difference in
wavelength of sodium 0^2 lines and thickness of a thin transparent plate.

10. Diffraction: Introduction – Distinction between Fresnel and Fraunhoffer
diffraction Fraunhoffer diffraction:- Diffraction due to single slit and circular
aperture – Limit of resolution – Fraunhoffer diffraction due to double slit –
Fraunhoffer diffraction pattern with N slits (diffraction grating) Resolving
Power of grating – Determination of wave length of light in normal and
oblique incidence methods using diffraction grating.Fresnel diffraction:-
Fresnel’s half period zones – area of the half period zones -zone plate –
Comparison of zone plate with convex lens – Phase reversal zone plate –
diffraction at a straight edge – difference between interference and
diffraction.

11. Polarization : Polarized light : Methods of Polarization, Polarizatioin by
reflection, refraction, Double refraction, selective absorption , scattering of
light – Brewsters law – Malus law – Nicol prism polarizer and analyzer –
Refraction of plane wave incident on negative and positive crystals (Huygen’s
explanation) – Quarter wave plate, Half wave plate -Babinet’s compensator –
Optical activity, analysis of light by Laurent’s half shade polarimeter.

12. Laser, Fiber Optics and Holography : Lasers: Introduction – Spontaneous
emission – Stimulated emission – Population inversion . Laser principle –
Einstein coefficients – Types of Lasers – He-Ne laser -Ruby laser –
Applications of lasers.Fiber Optics : Introduction – Optical fibers – Types of
optical fibers – Step and graded index fibers – Rays and modes in an optical
fiber – Fiber material – Principles of fiber communication (qualitative
treatment only) and advantages of fiber communication. Holography: Basic
Principle of Holography – Gabor hologram and its limitations, Holography
applications.

Mechanics and Waves and Oscillations

1. Vector Analysis: Scalar and vector fields, gradient of a scalar field and its
physical significance. Divergence and curl of a vector field and related
problems. Vector integration, line, surface and volume integrals. Stokes,
Gauss and Greens theorems- simple applications.

2. Mechanics of Particles : Laws of motion, motion of variable mass system,
motion of a rocket, multi-stage rocket, conservation of energy and
momentum. Collisions in two and three dimensions, concept of impact
parameter, scattering cross-section, Rutherford scattering

3. Mechanics of rigid bodies : Definition of Rigid body, rotational kinematic
relations, equation of motion for a rotating body, angular momentum and
inertial tensor. Eulers equation, precession of a top, Gyroscope, precession
of the equinoxes.

4. Mechanics of continuous media : Elastic constants of isotropic solids and
their relation, Poisson’s ratio and expression for Poisson’s ratio in terms of y,
n, k. Classification of beams, types of bending, point load, distributed load,
shearing force and bending moment, sign conventions, simple supported
beam carrying a concentrated load at mid span, cantilever with an end load

5. Central forces : Central forces – definition and examples, conservative
nature of central forces, conservative force as a negative gradient of
potential energy, equation of motion under a central force, gravitational
potential and gravitational field, motion under inverse square law, derivation
of Kepler’s laws, Coriolis force and its expressions.

6. Special theory of relativity : Galilean relativity, absolute frames,
Michelson-Morley experiment, Postulates of special theory of relativity.
Lorentz transformation, time dilation, length contraction, addition of
velocities, mass-energy relation. Concept of four vector formalism.

7. Fundamentals of vibrations : Simple harmonic oscillator, and solution of
the differential equation- Physical characteristics of SHM, torsion pendulum,
– measurements of rigidity modulus , compound pendulum, measurement of
‘g’, combination of two mutually perpendicular simple harmonic vibrations of
same frequency and different frequencies, Lissajous figures

8. Damped and forced oscillations : Damped harmonic oscillator, solution of
the differential equation of damped oscillator. Energy considerations,
comparison with undamped harmonic oscillator, logarithmic decrement,
relaxation time, quality factor, differential equation of forced oscillator and
its solution, amplitude resonance, velocity resonance

9. Complex vibrations : Fourier theorem and evaluation of the Fourier
coefficients, analysis of periodic wave functions-square wave, triangular
wave, saw-tooth wave

10.Vibrations of bars :Longitudinal vibrations in bars- wave equation and its
general solution. Special cases (i) bar fixed at both ends ii) bar fixed at the
mid point iii) bar free at both ends iv) bar fixed at one end. Transverse
vibrations in a bar- wave equation and its general solution. Boundary
conditions, clamped free bar, freefree bar, bar supported at both ends,
Tuning fork.

11. Vibrating Strings : Transverse wave propagation along a stretched string,
general solution of wave equation and its significance, modes of vibration of
stretched string clamped at both ends, overtones, energy transport,
transverse impedance

12. Ultrasonics : Ultrasonics, properties of ultrasonic waves, production of
ultrasonics by piezoelectric and magnetostriction methods, detection of
ultrasonics, determination of wavelength of ultrasonic waves. Velocity of
ultrasonics in liquids by Sear’s method. Applications of ultrasonic waves.

103 – Mathematical Sciences

LINEAR ALGEBRA AND VECTOR CALCULUS

Linear Algebra : Vector spaces, General properties of vector spaces, Vector
subspaces, Algebra of subspaces, linear combination of vectors. Linear span,
linear sum of two subspaces, Linear independence and dependence of
vectors, Basis of vector space, Finite dimensional vector spaces, Dimension
of a vector space, Dimension of a subspace. Linear transformations, linear
operators, Range and null space of linear transformation, Rank and nullity of
linear transformations, Linear transformations as vectors, Product of linear
transformations, Invertible linear transformation.

The adjoint or transpose of a linear transformation, Sylvester’s law of nullity,
characteristic values and characteristic vectors , Cayley- Hamilton theorem,
Diagonalizable operators. Inner product spaces, Euclidean and unitary
spaces, Norm or length of a vector, Schwartz inequality, Orthogonality,
Orthonormal set, complete orthonormal set, Gram – Schmidt
orthogonalisation process.

Multiple integrals and Vector Calculus : Multiple integrals : Introduction, the
concept of a plane, Curve, line integral- Sufficient condition for the existence
of the integral. The area of a subset of 2 R , Calculation of double integrals,
Jordan curve , Area, Change of the order of integration, Double integral as a
limit, Change of variable in a double integration.

Vector differentiation, Ordinary derivatives of vectors, Space curves,
Continuity, Differentiability, Gradient, Divergence, Curl operators, Formulae
involving these operators. Vector integration, Theorems of Gauss and Stokes,
Green’s theorem in plane and applications of these theorems.

Abstract Algebra & Real Analysis

Groups :Binary operations- Definitions and properties, Groups—Definition and
elementary properties, Finite groups and group composition tables,
Subgroups and cyclic subgroups. Permutations—Functions and permutations
,groups of permutations, cycles and cyclic notation, even and odd
permutations, The alternating groups. Cyclic groups – Elementary properties
,The classification of cyclic groups , sub groups of finite cyclic groups.
Isomorphism – Definition and elementary properties, Cayley’s theorem, Groups of cosets, Applications, Normal subgroups – Factor groups , Criteria
for the existence of a coset group, Inner automorphisms and normal
subgroups, factor groups and simple groups, Homomorphism- Definition and
elementary properties, The fundamental theorem of homomorphisms,
applications.

RINGS: Definition and basic properties, Fields, Integral domains, divisors of
zero and Cancellation laws, Integral domains, The characteristic of a ring,
some non – commutative rings, Examples, Matrices over a field, The real
quaternions ,Homomorphism of Rings – Definition and elementary properties,
Maximal and Prime ideals, Prime fields.

REAL NUMBERS: The Completeness Properties of R, Applications of the
Supremum Property. Sequences and Series – Sequences and their limits,
limit theorems, Monotonic Sequences, Sub-sequences and the Bolzano-
Weirstrass theorem,The Cauchy’s Criterion, Properly divergent sequences,
Introduction to series, Absolute convergence, test for absolute convergence,
test for non-absolute convergence. Continuous Functions-continuous
functions, combinations of continuous functions, continuous functions on
intervals, Uniform continuity.

DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION: The derivative, The mean value
theorems, L’Hospital Rule, Taylor’s Theorem. Riemann integration – Riemann
integral , Riemann integrable functions, Fundamental theorem.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS & SOLID GEOMETRY

Differential equations of first order and first degree : Linear differential
equations; Differential equations reducible to linear form; Exact differential
equations; Integrating factors; Change of variables; Simultaneous differential
equations; Orthogonal trajectories. Differential equations of the first order
but not of the first degree: Equations solvable for p; Equations solvable for
y; Equations solvable for x; Equations that do not contain x (or y); Equations
of the first degree in x and y – Clairaut’s equation.

Higher order linear differential equations : Solution of homogeneous linear
differential equations of order n with constantcoefficients. Solution of the
non-homogeneous linear differential equations with constant coefficients by
means of polynomial operators. Method of undetermined coefficients; Method
of variation of parameters; Linear differential equations with non-constant
coefficients; The Cauchy-Euler equation

System of linear differential equations: Solution of a system of linear
equations with constant coefficients; An equivalent triangular system.
Degenerate Case: p1 (D) p4 (D) – p2 (D) p3 (D) = 0.

The Line: Equations of a line, Angle between a line and a plane, The condition
that a given line may lie in a given plane, The condition that two given lines
are coplanar, Number of arbitrary constants in the equations of a straight
line. Sets of conditions which determine a line, The shortest distance
between two lines. The length and equations of the line of shortest distance
between two straight lines, Length of the perpendicular from a given point to
a given line, Intersection of three planes, Triangular Prism.

The Sphere: Definition and equation of the sphere, Equation of the sphere
through four given points, Plane sections of a sphere. Intersection of two
spheres; Equation of a circle. Sphere through a given circle; Intersection of a
sphere and a line. Power of a point; Tangent plane. Plane of contact. Polar plane, Pole of a plane, Conjugate points, Conjugate planes; Angle of
intersection of two spheres. Conditions for two spheres to be orthogonal;
Radical plane. Coaxial system of spheres; Simplified from of the equation of
two spheres.

Cones, Cylinders and conicoids: Definitions of a cone, vertex, guiding curve,
generators. Equation of the cone with a given vertex and guiding curve.
Enveloping cone of a sphere. Equations of cones with vertex at origin are
homogenous. Condition that the general equation of the second degree
should represent a cone. Condition that a cone may have three mutually
perpendicular generators Intersection of a line and a quadric cone. Tangent
lines and tangent plane at a point. Condition that a plane may touch a cone.
Reciprocal cones. Intersection of two cones with a common vertex. Right
circular cone. Equation of the right circular cone with a given vertex, axis
and semivertical angle. Definition of a cylinder. Equation to the cylinder
whose generators intersect a given conic and are parallel to a given line,
Enveloping cylinder of a sphere. The right circular cylinder. Equation of the
right circular cylinder with a given axis and radius.

The general equation of the second degree and the various surfaces
represented by it; Shapes of some surfaces. Nature of Ellipsoid. Nature of
Hyperboloid of one sheet.

104 – Chemical Sciences

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

104 – Chemical Sciences

1. s-block elements: General characteristics of groups I & II elements,
diagonal relationship between Li & Mg, Be & Al.

2. p-block elements:

General characteristics of elements of groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17

Group – 13: Synthesis and structure of diborane and higher boranes (B4 H10
and B5 H9 ), boron-nitrogen compounds (B3 N3 H6 and BN and BN)

Group – 14: Preparation and applications of silanes and silicones, graphitic
compounds.

Group – 15: Preparation and reactions of hydrazine, hydroxylamine,
phosphazenes.

Group – 16: Classifications of oxides based on (i) Chemical behaviour and (ii)
Oxygen content. Group – 17: Inter halogen compounds and pseudo halogens

3. Organometallic Chemistry : Definition and classification of organometallic
compounds, nomenclature, preparation, properties and applications of alkyls
of 1, 2 and 13 group elements.

4. Chemistry of d-block elements: Characteristics of d-block elements with
special reference to electronic configuration, variable valence, magnetic
properties, catalytic properties and ability to form complexes. Stability of
various oxidation states and e.m.f. Comparative treatment of second and
third transition series with their 3d analogues. Study of Ti, Cr and Cu traids
in respect of electronic configuration and reactivity of different oxidation
states.

5. Chemistry of f-lock elements: Chemistry of lanthanides – electronic
structure, oxidation states, lanthanide contraction, consequences of
lanthanide contraction, magnetic properties, spectral properties and
separation of lanthanides by ion exchange and solvent extraction methods.
Chemistry of actinides – electronic configuration, oxidation states, actinide
contraction, position of actinides in the periodic table, comparison with
lanthanides in terms of magnetic properties, spectral properties and complex
formation.

6. Theories of bonding in metals: Valence bond theory, Explanation of
metallic properties and its limitations, Free electron theory, thermal and
electrical conductivity of metals, limitations, Band theory, formation of
bands, explanation of conductors, semiconductors and insulators

7. Metal carbonyls and related compounds – EAN rule, classification of metal
carbonyls, structures and shapes of metal carbonyls of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and
Ni. Metal nitrosyls and metallocenes (only ferrocene).

8. Coordination Chemistry: IUPAC nomenclature, bonding theories – review
of Werner’s theory and Sidgwick’s concept of coordination, Valence bond
theory, geometries of coordination numbers 4-tetrahedral and square planar
and 6-octahedral and its limitations, crystal filed theory, splitting of d-

orbitals in octahedral, tetrahedral and square-planar complexes – low spin
and high spin complexes – factors affecting crystalfield splitting energy,
merits and demerits of crystal-field theory. Isomerism in coordination
compounds – structural isomerism and stereo isomerism, stereochemistry of
complexes with 4 and 6 coordination numbers..

9. Spectral and Magnetic Properties of Metal Complexes: Electronic
absorption spectrum of [Ti(H2O)6 ]3+ ion. Types of magnetic behavior, spin-
only formula, calculation of magnetic moments, experimental determination
of magnetic susceptibility – Gouy method.

10. Reactivity of metal complexes: Labile and inert complexes, ligand
substitution reactions – SN1 and SN2, substitution reactions of square planar
complexes – Trans effect and applications of trans effect

11. Stability of Metal Complexes: Thermodynamic stability and kinetic
stability, factors affecting the stability of metal complexes, chelate effect,
determination of composition of complex by Job’s method and mole ratio
method.

12. Hard and soft acids bases (HSAB): Classification, Pearson’s concept of
hardness and softness, application of HSAB principles – Stability of
compounds / complexes, predicting the feasibility of a reaction..

13. Bioinorganic Chemistry: Essential elements, biological significance of Na,
K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and chloride (Cl- ). Metalloporphyrins –
hemoglobin, structure and function, Chlorophyll, structure and role in
photosynthesis..
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1. Structural theory in Organic Chemistry : Types of bond fission and organic
reagents (Electrophilic, Nucleophilic, and free radical reagents including
neutral molecules like H2 O, NH3 & AlCl3 ). Bond polarization : Factors
influencing the polarization of covalent bonds, electronegativity – inductive effect. Application of inductive effect (a) Basicity of amines (b) Acidity of
carboxylic acides (c) Stability of carbonium ions. Resonance or Mesomeric
effect, application to (a) acidity of phenol, and (b) acidity of carboxylic acids.
Hyper conjugation and its application to stability of carbonium ions, Free
radicals and alkenes, carbanions, carbenes and nitrenes. Types of Organic
reactions : Addition – electrophilic, nucleophilic and free radical. Substitution
– electrophilic, nucleophilic and free radical. Elimination- Examples
(mechanism not required).

2. Acyclic Hydrocarbons : Alkanes– IUPAC Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons.
Methods of preparation: Hydrogenation of alkynes and alkenes, Wurtz
reaction, Kolbe’s electrolysis, Corey- House reaction. Chemical reactivity –
inert nature, free radical substitution mechanism. Halogenation example-
reactivity, selectivity and orientation.

Alkenes – Preparation of alkenes (a) by dehydration of alcohols (b) by
dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (c) by dehalogenation of 1,2 dihalides
(brief mechanism), Saytzev’s rule. Properties: Addition of hydrogen – heat of
hydrogenation and stability of alkenes. Addition of halogen and its
mechanism. Addition of HX, Markonikov’s rule, addition of H2 O, H2OX, H2
SO4 with mechanism and addition of HBr in the presence of peroxide (anti –
Markonikov’s addition ).

Oxidation – hydroxylation by KMnO , OsO , peracids (via epoxidation )
hydroboration, Dienes – Types of dienes, reactions of conjugated dines – 1,2
and 1,4 addition of HBr to 1,3 – butadiene and Diel’s – Alder reaction.

Alkynes – Preparation by dehydrohalogenation of dihalides, dehalogenation of
tetrahalides, Properties; Acidity of acetylenic hydrogen (formation of Metal
acedtylides). Preperation of higher acetylenes, Metal ammonia reductions
Physical properties. Chemical reactivity – electrophilic addition of X2 , HX,
H2 O (Tautomerism), Oxidation with KMnO4 , OsO4 , reduction and
Polymerisation reaction of acetylene.

3. Alicyclic hydrocarbons (Cycloalkanes) : Nomenclature, Preparation by
Freunds methods, heating dicarboxylic metal salts. Properties – reactivity of
cyclopropane and cyclobutane by comparing with alkanes, Stability of
cycloalkanes – Baeyer’s strain theory, Sachse and Mohr predictions and
Pitzer’s strain theory. Conformational structures of cyclobutane,
cyclopentane, cyclohexane.

4. Benzene and its reactivity : Concept of resonance, resonance energy. Heat
of hydrogenation, heat of combustion of Benezene, mention of C-C bond
lengths and orbital picture of Benzene. Concept of aromaticity – aromaticity
(definition), Huckel’s rule – application to Benzenoid (Benzene, Napthalene)
and Non – Benzenoid compounds (cyclopropenyl cation, cyclopentadienyl
anion and tropylium cation) Reactions – General mechanism of electrophilic
substitution, mechanism of nitration. Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation.
Orientation of aromatic substitution – Definition of ortho, para and meta
directing groups. Ring activating and deactivating groups with examples
(Electronic interpretation of various groups like NO and Phenolic). Orientation
of (i). Amino, methoxy and methyl groups (ii). Carboxy, nitro, nitrile,
carbonyl and Sulfonic acid groups. (iii). Halogens (Explanation by taking
minimum of one example from each type).

5. Polynuclear Hydrocarbons – Structure of naphthalene and anthracene
(Molecular Orbital diagram and resonance energy) Any two methods of
preparation of naphthalene and reactivity. Reactivity towards electrophilic
substitution. Nitration and sulfonation as examples.

6. Halogen compounds : Nomenclature and classification of alkyl (into
primary, secondary, tertiary), aryl, aralkyl, allyl, vinyl, benzyl halides.
Chemical Reactivity, formation of RMgX Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution
reaction- classification into Sn1 and Sn2. Energy profile diagram of Sn1 and
Sn2 reactions. Stereochemistry of Sn2 (Walden Inversion) Sn1
(Racemisation). Explanation of both by taking the example of optically active
alkyl halide – 2 bromobutane. Ease of hydrolysis – comparision of alkyl,
benzyl, alkyl, vinyl and aryl halides.

7. Hydroxy compounds : Nomenclature and classification of hydroxy
compounds. Alcohols: Preparation with hydroboration reaction, Grignard
synthesis of alcohols. Phenols: Preparation i) from diazonium salt, ii) from
aryl sulphonates, iii) from cumene. Physical properties- Hydrogen bonding
(intermolecular and intramolecular). Effect of hydrogen bonding on boiling
point and solubilitiy in water. Chemical properties:

a. acidic nature of phenols.

b. formation of alkoxides/phenoxides and their reaction with RX.

c. replacement of OH by X using PCl5, PCl3, PBr3, SOCl2 and wit HX/ZnCl2.

d. esterification by acids ( mechanism).

e. dehydration of alcohols.

f. oxidation of alcohols by CrO3 , KMnO2

g. special reaction of phenols: Bromination, Kolb-Schmidt reaction, Riemer-
Tiemann reaction, Fries rearrangement, azocoupling. Identification of
alcohols by oxidation with KMnO , ceric ammonium nitrate, lucas reagent and
phenols by reaction with FeCl . Polyhydroxy compounds: Pinacol-Pinacolone
rearrangement.

8. Carbonyl compounds : Nomenclature of aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl
compounds, structure of the carbonyl group. Synthesis of aldehydes from
acid chlorides, synthesis of aldehydes and ketones using 1,3- dithianes,
synthesis of ketones from nitriles and from carboxylic acids. Physical
properties: absence of hydrogen bonding, keto-enol tautomerism, reactivity
of carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones. Nucleophilic addition reaction
with

a) NaHSO3

b) HCN,

c) RMgX,

d) NH2OH,

e)PhNHNH2 ,

f) 2,4 DNPH,

g) Alcoholsformation of hemiacetal and acetal. Halogenation usingPCl5 with
mechanism. Base catalysed reactions:

• a) Aldol,

• b) Cannizzaro reaction,

• c) Perkin reaction,

• d) Benzoin condensation,

• e) Haloform reaction,

• f) Knoevenagel reaction. Oxidation of aldehydes- Baeyer-Villiger
oxidation of ketones.

Reduction: Clemmensen reduction, Wolf-Kishner reduction, MPV reduction,
reduction with LiAlH4 and NaBH4 . Analysis of aldehydes and ketones with

• a) 2,4-DNT test,

• b) Tollen’s test,

• c) Fehling text,


• d) Schiff test,

• e) Haloform test (with equation).

9. Carboxylic acids and derivatives : Nomenclature, classification and
structure of carboxylic acids. Methods of preparation by a) hydrolysis of
nitriles, amides and esters. b) carbonation of Grignard reagents. Special
methods of preparation of aromatic acids by a) oxidation of side chain. b)
hydrolysis by benzotrichlorides. c) Kolbe reaction. Physical properties:
Hydrogen bonding, dimeric association, acidity- strength of acids with
examples of trimethyl acetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. Relative
differences in the acidities of aromatic and aliphatic acids. Chemical
properties: Reactions involving H, OH and COOH groups- salt formation,
anhydride formation, acid chloride formation, amide formation and
esterification (mechanism). Degradation of carboxylic acids by Huns-Diecker
reaction, decarboxylation by Schimdt reaction, Arndt-Eistert synthesis,
halogenation by Hell-Volhard- Zelinsky reaction. Derivatives of carboxylic
acids: Reaction of acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, acid amides, esters
(mechanism of the hydrolysis of esters by acids and bases).

10.Active methylene compounds : Acetoacetic esters: preparation by Claisen
condensation, keto-enol tautomerism. Acid hydrolysis and ketonic hydrolysis.
Preparation of a) monocarboxylic acids. b) dicarboxylic acids. Reaction with
urea Malonic ester: preparation from acetic acid. Synthetic applications:
Preparation of
• a) monocarboxylic acids (propionic acid and n-butyric acid).
• b) dicarboxylic acids (succinic acid and adipic acid).
• c) unsaturated carboxylic acids (crotonic acid). Reaction with urea.


11. Exercises in interconversion

12. Nitrogen compounds : Nitro hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and
classification – nitro hydrocarbons – structure. Tautomerism of nitroalkanes
leading to aci and keto form. Preparation of Nitroalkanes. Reactivity –
halogenation, reaction with HONO (Nitrous acid), Nef reaction and Mannich
reaction leading to Michael addition and reduction. Amines (Aliphatic and
Aromatic): Nomenclature, Classification into 10 , 20 , 30 Amines and
Quarternary ammonium compounds. Preparative methods -1. Ammonolysis
of alkyl halides 2. Gabriel synthesis 3. Hoffman’s bromamide reaction
(mechanism). 4. Reduction of Amides and Schmidt reaction. Physical
properties and basic character – Comparative basic strength of Ammonia,
methyl amine, dimethyl amine, trimethyl amine and aniline – comparative
basic strength of aniline, N-methylaniline and N,N-dimethyl aniline (in
aqueous and non-aqueous medium), steric effects and substituent effects.
Use of amine salts as phase transfer catalysts. Chemical properties: a)
Alkylation b) Acylation c) Carbylamine reaction d) Hinsberg separation e)
Reaction with Nitrous acid of 10 , 20 , 30 (Aliphatic and aromatic amines).
Electrophilic substitutions of Aromatic amines – Bromination and Nitration.
oxidation of aryl and 30 Amines. Diazotization Cyanides and isocyanides:
Nomenclature (aliphatic and aromatic) structure. Preparation of cyanides
from a) Alkyl halides b) from amides c) from aldoximes. Preparation of
isocyanides from Alkyl halides and Amines. Properties of cyanides and
isocyanides, a) hydrolysis b) addition of Grignard reagent iii) reduction iv)
oxidation.